Draft Australian Dietary Guidelines (PDF, 3MB) - Eat For Health

or better weight management [143]. These factors were not included in the literature review toinform the revision of these Guidelines. There is also considerable variability in these indicesdepending on inter-and intra-individual factors and the form of food (including the degree ofprocessing, stage of ripeness, cooking and cooling times), which may limit practical application[770].Specific foods and drinks: There is increasing evidence that consumption of specific foods andfood groups is associated with risk of excess weight gain. There is evidence suggesting thatconsumption of vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of weight gain (Grade C, Section 2.2in Evidence Report [14]) [156, 158-160]. The evidence also suggests that consumption of fruit isassociated with a reduced risk of obesity and weight gain (Grade C, Section 1.3 in Evidence Report[14]) [156-160, 190-193]. The literature review to inform the revision of the Dietary Guidelines forAmericans, 2010 found that the evidence for an association between increased fruit and vegetableintake and lower body weight is modest, but may be important in the long term [143].The US literature review also found strong evidence of a positive relationship between portionsize and body weight [143].Recent evidence suggests that consumption of dairy foods is not associated with weight change orrisk of obesity (Grade C, Section 5.8 in Evidence Report [14]) [382, 385-389] and thatconsumption of milk is not associated with BMI or BMI change in childhood (Grade C, Section 5.9in Evidence Report [14]) [265, 385, 391, 393, 394, 771]. These findings are consistent with thoseof the literature review to inform the revision of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 whichfound strong evidence that intake of milk and milk products provide no unique role in weightcontrol [143].There is evidence of a probable association between consumption of 3–5 serves per day of grain(cereal) foods (mainly wholegrain) and a reduced risk of weight gain (Grade B, Section 6.5 inEvidence Report [14]) [249, 261-270].There is evidence to suggest that consumption of nuts (between 65–110gm per day) is not relatedto risk of weight gain in the short term (Grade C, Section 8.1 in Evidence Report [14]) [353-358].The literature review to inform the revision of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 also foundthat, for most children, there was limited evidence that intake of 100% fruit juice is associated withincreased adiposity when consumed in amounts that are appropriate for the age and energy needsof the child. However, increased intake of 100% fruit juice was found to be associated withincreased adiposity in children who were already overweight or obese [143].In seeking to achieve and maintain a healthy weight it is prudent to choose nutrient-dense foods oflower energy density (that is, those low in total fat, particularly saturated fat, and added sugars(see Chapter 3) in a total dietary pattern that seeks to control overall energy intake [772]. Theliterature review to inform the revision of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 found strongDRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 116