376. Elwood, P.C., et al., The survival advantage of milk and dairy consumption: an overview ofevidence from cohort studies of vascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. J Am Coll Nutr, 2008.27(6): p. 723S-34S.377. He, K., et al., <strong>Dietary</strong> fat intake and risk of stroke in male US healthcare professionals: 14 yearprospective cohort study. Br Med J, 2003. 327(7418): p. 777-82.378. Alonso, A., et al., Low-fat dairy consumption and reduced risk of hypertension: the SeguimientoUniversidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005. 82(5): p. 972-9.379. Engberink, M.F., et al., Dairy intake, blood pressure, and incident hypertension in a general Dutchpopulation. J Nutr, 2009. 139(3): p. 582-7.380. Toledo, E., et al., Low-fat dairy products and blood pressure: follow-up of 2290 older persons athigh cardiovascular risk participating in the PREDIMED study. Br J Nutr, 2009. 101(01): p. 59-67.381. Wang, L., et al., <strong>Dietary</strong> intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and the risk ofhypertension in middle-aged and older women. Hypertension, 2008. 51(4): p. 1073.382. Pereira, M.A., et al., Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in youngadults: the CARDIA Study. J Am Med Assoc, 2002. 287(16): p. 2081-9.383. Lutsey, P.L., L.M. Steffen, and J. Stevens, <strong>Dietary</strong> intake and the development of the metabolicsyndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circulation, 2008. 117(6): p. 754-61.384. Pittas, A.G., et al., The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review andmeta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007. 92(6): p. 2017-29.385. Barr, S.I., Increased dairy product or calcium intake: is body weight or composition affected inhumans? J Nutr, 2003. 133(1): p. 245S-248S.386. Lanou, A.J. and N.D. Barnard, Dairy and weight loss hypothesis: an evaluation of the clinicaltrials. Nutr Rev, 2008. 66(5): p. 272-279.387. Rajpathak, S.N., et al., Calcium and dairy intakes in relation to long-term weight gain in US men.Am J Clin Nutr, 2006. 83(3): p. 559-66.388. Rosell, M., N.N. Hakansson, and A. Wolk, Association between dairy food consumption andweight change over 9 y in 19,352 perimenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006. 84(6): p.1481-8.389. Wagner, G., et al., Effects of various forms of calcium on body weight and bone turnover markersin women participating in a weight loss program. J Am Coll Nutr, 2007. 26(5): p. 456-61.DRAFT <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Dietary</strong> <strong>Guidelines</strong>- December 2011 237
390. Berkey, C.S., et al., Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obes Res, 2004.12(5): p. 778-88.391. Berkey, C.S., et al., Milk, dairy fat, dietary calcium, and weight gain: a longitudinal study ofadolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2005. 159(6): p. 543-50.392. Johnson, L., et al., Is sugar-sweetened beverage consumption associated with increased fatness inchildren? Nutrition, 2007. 23(7-8): p. 557-563.393. Newby, P.K., et al., Beverage consumption is not associated with changes in weight and bodymass index among low-income preschool children in North Dakota. J Am Diet Assoc, 2004.104(7): p. 1086-1094.394. Striegel-Moore, R.H., et al., Correlates of beverage intake in adolescent girls: the National Heart,Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and <strong>Health</strong> Study. J Pediatr, 2006. 148(2): p. 183-7.395. Cho, E., et al., Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies.J Natl Cancer Inst, 2004. 96(13): p. 1015-22.396. Huncharek, M., J. Muscat, and B. Kupelnick, Colorectal cancer risk and dietary intake ofcalcium, vitamin D, and dairy products: a meta-analysis of 26,335 cases from 60 observationalstudies. Nutr Cancer, 2009. 61(1): p. 47-69.397. Sellers, T.A., et al., Unpasteurized milk consumption and subsequent risk of cancer. CancerCauses Control, 2008. 19(8): p. 805-11.398. Lee, J.E., et al., Intakes of coffee, tea, milk, soda and juice and renal cell cancer in a pooledanalysis of 13 prospective studies. Int J Cancer, 2007. 121(10): p. 2246-53.399. Alvarez-Leon, E.E., B. Roman-Vinas, and L. Serra-Majem, Dairy products and health: a reviewof the epidemiological evidence. Br J Nutr, 2006. 96(Suppl 1): p. S94-9.400. Missmer, S.A., et al., Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer: a pooled analysis ofcohort studies. Int J Epidemiol, 2002. 31(1): p. 78-85.401. Bandera, E.V., et al., Consumption of animal foods and endometrial cancer risk: a systematicliterature review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control, 2007. 18(9): p. 967-88.402. Bonjour, J.P., et al., Inhibition of bone turnover by milk intake in postmenopausal women. Br JNutr, 2008. 100(4): p. 866-74.403. Hartman, J.W., et al., Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotesgreater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, maleweightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr, 2007. 86(2): p. 373.DRAFT <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Dietary</strong> <strong>Guidelines</strong>- December 2011 238
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesAustra
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction1.1 Why the Guidelin
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Food Modelling Report - transla
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Potential mechanisms through which
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adolescence predict diet quality an
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive SummaryDietary patterns w
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 CancerColorectal cancer: Ev
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2.2.4.2 CancerAlimentary tract canc
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanismsThere is n
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 VegetariansFor several nutr
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Evidence StatementConsumption of mo
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditionsDental cari
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Where to nextBoth the quality and q
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Executive summaryThis Guideline emp
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
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3.2.4.4 Older peopleTaste perceptio
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No large studies have measured the
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Excess weight: Many foods containin
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etter health outcomes than those wh
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Evidence StatementConsumption of al
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Dementia: The evidence suggests an
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Drinking coffee, having a cold show
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In the absence of any research to q
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Executive summaryHealthy weight is
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prevalence of obesity alone is high
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Compared to having a BMI between 18
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Kilojoules4.1.3.2 Energy intake and
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4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
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4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
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4.2.1 Primary preventionDiet and ph
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and consistent evidence that dietar
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4.2.2 Secondary preventionBehaviour
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Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
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Taller or larger and more active ad
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Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
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For older, taller or more active ch
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Most older people will benefit from
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5. Encourage and support breastfeed
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5.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
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Evidence StatementExclusive breastf
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Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
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5.2.4 Other benefitsSudden Infant D
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5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplaceEvi
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5.3.1.3 Community supportThe succes
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Executive summaryMore than five mil
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[929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
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contamination (see above) avoided.
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1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
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2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
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2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
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• Professor Dorothy Mackerras•
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• Level III-2 - A comparative stu
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food options to meet additional ene
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Appendix 3. Assessing growth andhea
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Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
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A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
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Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
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Suggested activities include:• mo
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Appendix 5. Studies examining thehe
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that further specific studies are r
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Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
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The economic, social and cultural f
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A diet consistent with the Guidelin
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In other more recent studies, highe
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A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
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- Page 208 and 209: Table A9.2: Evidence statements (Gr
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1049. Altman, J., Hunter-gatherers