189. Ward, H.A., et al., Breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer risk in the European ProspectiveInvestigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Norfolk in relation to phytoestrogen intake derived from animproved database. Am J Clin Nutr, 2010. 91(2): p. 440.190. Booth, A., et al., <strong>Dietary</strong> approaches for weight loss with increased intakes of fruit, vegetablesand dairy products. Nutr Diet, 2008. 65(2): p. 115-120.191. Conceição de Oliveira, M., R. Sichieri, and A. Sanchez Moura, Weight loss associated with adaily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women. Nutrition, 2003. 19(3): p.253-256.192. Drapeau, V., et al., Modifications in food-group consumption are related to long-term body-weightchanges. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004. 80(1): p. 29-37.193. Rodriguez, M.C., et al., Effects of two energy-restricted diets containing different fruit amounts onbody weight loss and macronutrient oxidation. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 2005. 60(4): p. 219-24.194. Riboli, E. and T. Norat, Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables oncancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 78(3 Suppl): p. 559S-569S.195. Gaudet, M.M., et al., Fruits, vegetables, and micronutrients in relation to breast cancer modifiedby menopause and hormone receptor status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2004. 13(9):p. 1485-94.196. Hermann, S., J. Linseisen, and J. Chang-Claude, Nutrition and breast cancer risk by age 50: apopulation-based case-control study in Germany. Nutr Cancer, 2002. 44(1): p. 23-34.197. Kruk, J., Association of lifestyle and other risk factors with breast cancer according to menopausalstatus: a case-control study in the Region of Western Pomerania (Poland). Asian Pac J CancerPrev, 2007. 8(4): p. 513-24.198. Malin, A.S., et al., Intake of fruits, vegetables and selected micronutrients in relation to the risk ofbreast cancer. International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer, 2003. 105(3):p. 413-8.199. van Gils, C.H., et al., Consumption of vegetables and fruits and risk of breast cancer. J Am MedAssoc, 2005. 293(2): p. 183-93.200. McCullough, M.L., et al., A prospective study of fruits, vegetables, and risk of endometrial cancer.Am J Epidemiol, 2007. 166(8): p. 902-11.201. Oh, S.-Y., et al., Relationship of nutrients and food to colorectal cancer risk in Koreans. Nutr Res,2005. 25(9): p. 805-813.DRAFT <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Dietary</strong> <strong>Guidelines</strong>- December 2011 223
202. Sato, Y., et al., Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: The MiyagiCohort Study. Public <strong>Health</strong> Nutr, 2005. 8(3): p. 309-14.203. Wu, H., et al., Fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with lower risk of colorectal adenomas. JNutr, 2009. 139(2): p. 340-4.204. Hamilton, C.A., Low-density lipoprotein and oxidised low-density lipoprotein: their role in thedevelopment of atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther, 1997. 74(1): p. 55-72.205. Thompson, H.J., et al., <strong>Dietary</strong> botanical diversity affects the reduction of oxidative biomarkers inwomen due to high vegetable and fruit intake. J Nutr, 2006. 136(8): p. 2207.206. Wannamethee, S.G., et al., Associations of vitamin C status, fruit and vegetable intakes, andmarkers of inflammation and hemostasis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006. 83(3): p. 567-74; quiz 726-7.207. Jialal, I. and U. Singh, Is vitamin C an antiinflammatory agent? Am J Clin Nutr, 2006. 83(3): p.525.208. Tavani, A. and C. La Vecchia, [beta]-Carotene and risk of coronary heart disease. A review ofobservational and intervention studies. Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapy, 1999. 53(9): p. 409-416.209. Messina, M.J., Legumes and soybeans: overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. AmJ Clin Nutr, 1999. 70(3): p. 439S.210. Nagata, C., Factors to consider in the association between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancerrisk. Journal of Epidemiology, 2010(0): p. 1002160133.211. Willett, W.C., Fruits, vegetables, and cancer prevention: turmoil in the produce section. J NatlCancer Inst, 2010. 102(8): p. 510-1.212. Giovannucci, E., Alcohol, one-carbon metabolism, and colorectal cancer: recent insights frommolecular studies. J Nutr, 2004. 134(9): p. 2475S-2481S.213. Zhang, S.M., et al., Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breastcancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2003. 95(5): p. 373-80.214. García-Lafuente, A., et al., Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer andcardiovascular disease. Inflammation Research, 2009. 58(9): p. 537-552.215. Lippman, S.M., et al., Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and othercancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). J Am Med Assoc, 2009.301(1): p. 39-51.DRAFT <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Dietary</strong> <strong>Guidelines</strong>- December 2011 224
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesAustra
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction1.1 Why the Guidelin
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Food Modelling Report - transla
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Potential mechanisms through which
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adolescence predict diet quality an
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive SummaryDietary patterns w
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 CancerColorectal cancer: Ev
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2.2.4.2 CancerAlimentary tract canc
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanismsThere is n
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 VegetariansFor several nutr
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Evidence StatementConsumption of mo
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditionsDental cari
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Where to nextBoth the quality and q
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Executive summaryThis Guideline emp
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
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3.2.4.4 Older peopleTaste perceptio
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No large studies have measured the
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Excess weight: Many foods containin
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etter health outcomes than those wh
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Evidence StatementConsumption of al
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Dementia: The evidence suggests an
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Drinking coffee, having a cold show
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In the absence of any research to q
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Executive summaryHealthy weight is
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prevalence of obesity alone is high
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Compared to having a BMI between 18
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Kilojoules4.1.3.2 Energy intake and
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4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
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4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
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4.2.1 Primary preventionDiet and ph
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and consistent evidence that dietar
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4.2.2 Secondary preventionBehaviour
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Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
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Taller or larger and more active ad
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Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
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For older, taller or more active ch
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Most older people will benefit from
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5. Encourage and support breastfeed
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5.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
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Evidence StatementExclusive breastf
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Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
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5.2.4 Other benefitsSudden Infant D
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5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplaceEvi
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5.3.1.3 Community supportThe succes
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Executive summaryMore than five mil
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[929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
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contamination (see above) avoided.
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1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
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2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
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2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
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• Professor Dorothy Mackerras•
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• Level III-2 - A comparative stu
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food options to meet additional ene
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Appendix 3. Assessing growth andhea
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Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
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A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
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Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
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Suggested activities include:• mo
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1049. Altman, J., Hunter-gatherers