Draft Australian Dietary Guidelines (PDF, 3MB) - Eat For Health

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Table 5.1 Factors associated with duration of exclusive breastfeedingAssociation with longer duration of exclusive breastfeedingConsistently positive Consistently negative Effect varies indifferent culturesHigher level of maternaleducationSupport of midwives andcommunity health professionalsFather’s preference forbreastfeedingDoctors’ support ofbreastfeedingPleasant birth experienceGreater breastfeeding knowledgeRural environmentTime decision to breastfeed ismade (preferably beforepregnancy or early in pregnancy)Lower socioeconomicbackgroundsFormula supplementation in thematernity wardMother's intention to usesupplementationPrevious breastfeedingexperience short-term (
5.2.2 Infant growthFor ethical reasons, randomised control trials (RCTs) of breastfeeding are not possible. The bestresearch alternative is the use of RCTs of health promotion interventions to increasebreastfeeding rates. For this reason, most evidence is based on prospective cohort studies and onelarge health promotion RCT, the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) study[883].Breastfed infants grow more slowly than formula-fed infants [861]. A systematic review of 19observational studies in developed countries concluded that the cumulative difference in bodyweight at 12 months of age was 600–650g less in infants breastfed for 12 months than formula-fedinfants [884]. Differences in feeding behavior and mother–child interaction between breastfed andformula-fed infants may account for some of the differences reported. For instance, breastfedinfants showed a different suckling pattern, and appeared to have greater degree of control onmeal sizes and feeding intervals than infants who were formula-fed [885].5.2.3 Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and excessweightExcess weight: There is convincing evidence that breastfeeding , compared with formulafeeding, is associated with reduced risk of infants becoming obese in childhood, adolescence andearly adulthood (Grade A, Section 17.2 in Evidence Report [14]). The protection offered bybreastfeeding appears to increase with duration of breastfeeding until it plateaus at nine months[886, 887].Evidence of an association between the age of introduction of solid foods and excess weight inchildren is inconclusive (Section 19.1 in Evidence Report [14]).Blood pressure: There is probable evidence that infants who are breastfed exclusively in the firstfew months of life have a lower adult systolic and diastolic blood pressure (approximately 1.5/0.5mmHg) compared with those who are formula-fed (Grade B, Section 23.1 in Evidence Report[14]).Total and LDL cholesterol: Recent evidence suggests being breastfed initially, and particularlyexclusively breastfed, is associated with lower total and LDL concentrations in adult life whencompared with those who were formula-fed (Grade C, Section 23.1 in Evidence Report [14]).DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 138
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesAustra
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction1.1 Why the Guidelin
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Food Modelling Report - transla
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Potential mechanisms through which
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adolescence predict diet quality an
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive SummaryDietary patterns w
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 CancerColorectal cancer: Ev
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2.2.4.2 CancerAlimentary tract canc
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanismsThere is n
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 VegetariansFor several nutr
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Evidence StatementConsumption of mo
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditionsDental cari
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Where to nextBoth the quality and q
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Executive summaryThis Guideline emp
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
Page 88 and 89: 3.2.4.4 Older peopleTaste perceptio
Page 90 and 91: No large studies have measured the
Page 92 and 93: Excess weight: Many foods containin
Page 94 and 95: etter health outcomes than those wh
Page 96 and 97: Evidence StatementConsumption of al
Page 98 and 99: Dementia: The evidence suggests an
Page 100 and 101: Drinking coffee, having a cold show
Page 102 and 103: In the absence of any research to q
Page 104 and 105: Executive summaryHealthy weight is
Page 106 and 107: prevalence of obesity alone is high
Page 108 and 109: Compared to having a BMI between 18
Page 110 and 111: Kilojoules4.1.3.2 Energy intake and
Page 112 and 113: 4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
Page 114 and 115: 4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
Page 116 and 117: 4.2.1 Primary preventionDiet and ph
Page 118 and 119: and consistent evidence that dietar
Page 120 and 121: 4.2.2 Secondary preventionBehaviour
Page 122 and 123: Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
Page 124 and 125: Taller or larger and more active ad
Page 126 and 127: Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
Page 128 and 129: For older, taller or more active ch
Page 130 and 131: Most older people will benefit from
Page 132 and 133: 5. Encourage and support breastfeed
Page 134 and 135: 5.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
Page 136 and 137: Evidence StatementExclusive breastf
Page 140 and 141: 5.2.4 Other benefitsSudden Infant D
Page 142 and 143: 5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplaceEvi
Page 144 and 145: 5.3.1.3 Community supportThe succes
Page 146 and 147: Executive summaryMore than five mil
Page 148 and 149: [929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
Page 150 and 151: contamination (see above) avoided.
Page 152 and 153: 1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
Page 154 and 155: 2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
Page 156 and 157: 2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
Page 158 and 159: • Professor Dorothy Mackerras•
Page 160 and 161: • Level III-2 - A comparative stu
Page 162 and 163: food options to meet additional ene
Page 164 and 165: Appendix 3. Assessing growth andhea
Page 166 and 167: Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
Page 168 and 169: A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
Page 170 and 171: Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
Page 172 and 173: Suggested activities include:• mo
Page 174 and 175: Appendix 5. Studies examining thehe
Page 176 and 177: that further specific studies are r
Page 178 and 179: Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
Page 180 and 181: The economic, social and cultural f
Page 182 and 183: A diet consistent with the Guidelin
Page 184 and 185: In other more recent studies, highe
Page 186 and 187: A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
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A7.4.3.2. Aboriginal people living
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Mortality rates for people born ove
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Appendix 8: GlossaryAdequate Intake
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are poly
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Exclusive breastfeedingMeans an inf
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Legume/BeansRefers to all forms of
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Older adultsFor the purposes of the
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Reduced fat productsFor a food to b
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celery and asparagus), gourd vegeta
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Evidence StatementGradeFruitConsump
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Table A9.2: Evidence statements (Gr
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References1. Rayner, M. and P. Scar
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27. Wilkinson, R. and M. Marmot, So
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54. Hawkins, S.S., T.J. Cole, and C
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81. Hesketh, K., M. Wake, and E. Wa
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107. McCullough, M.L., et al., Diet
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135. Brimblecombe, J.K. and K. O’
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162. Kreimer, A.R., et al., Diet an
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189. Ward, H.A., et al., Breast, co
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216. Paolini, M., et al., Beta-caro
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244. Kelly, S.A., et al., Wholegrai
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270. Williams, P.G., et al., Cereal
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297. Garcia-Closas, R., et al., Foo
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324. Maclean, C.H., et al., Effects
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349. Vander Wal, J.S., et al., Egg
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376. Elwood, P.C., et al., The surv
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404. Javaid, M.K., et al., Maternal
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430. Lagiou, P., et al., Intake of
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458. Vartanian, L.R., M.B. Schwartz
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486. Lopez-Ridaura, R., et al., Mag
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512. Kratz, M., et al., The impact
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537. Daniels, S.R. and F.R. Greer,
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562. Cook, N.R., et al., Joint effe
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588. Burt, B.A., et al., The effect
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615. Ronksley, P.E., et al., Associ
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642. Purdue, M.P., et al., Type of
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669. Arntzen, K., et al., Moderate
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696. Rokholm, B., J.L. Baker, and T
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724. Bensimhon, D.R., W.E. Kraus, a
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750. Centre for Epidemiology and Re
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776. Monasta, L., et al., Early-lif
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803. Prentice, A.M. and S.A. Jebb,
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830. Callaway, L.K., et al., The pr
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857. Australian Institute of Health
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885. Demmelmair, H., J. von Rosen,
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911. Duong, D.V., C.W. Binns, and A
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940. Cashel K, L.J., NUTTAB89-Nutri
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http://www.health.gov.au/internet/m
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995. Atlantis, E., E.H. Barnes, and
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1021. Australian Bureau of Statisti
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1049. Altman, J., Hunter-gatherers
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