Draft Australian Dietary Guidelines (PDF, 3MB) - Eat For Health

Other factors: Although there were insufficient studies to make an evidence statement, otherfactors associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity throughout life included:• being overweight in adolescence [78]• consumption of any take away food and low quality snacks [75-77]• childhood smoking [78, 83]• increased price of fruit and vegetables [68, 79]• low self esteem and/or depression [80-82]• low locus of control score [84, 85]• stressful family life [86, 87]• food insecurity [65, 81, 789]• self-reported dieting [76, 82, 790], particularly in girls [791]• inadequate sleep [60, 780, 792, 793]• low rates of breakfast consumption [794].The literature review to inform the revision of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 foundstrong and consistent evidence indicating that children and adults who eat fast food, particularlythose eating at least one fast food meal per week, are at increased risk of weight gain, overweightand obesity. There was not enough evidence at this time to similarly evaluate eating at other typesof restaurants and risk of weight gain, overweight and obesity [143]. The US literature review alsofound moderate evidence suggesting that children who do not eat breakfast are at increased riskof overweight and obesity, with the evidence being stronger for adolescents [143].There appear to be complex relationships between dietary patterns as a child and dietary qualityover time. Studies in the US suggest that frequency of consuming take away food increases withage and is associated with higher intakes of energy, total fat, saturated fat and sodium [90], whilefrequency of breakfast consumption decreases with age and skipping breakfast is associated withreduced intake of calcium and dietary fibre [91]. There is some evidence that family meal patternsduring adolescence predict diet quality and meal patterns during early young adulthood [92].The literature review to inform the revision of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 also founda limited body of evidence showing conflicting results about whether liquid and solid foods differ intheir effects on energy intake and body weight, except that soup at a meal may lead to decreasedenergy intake and body weight [143].Finally, an emerging body of evidence documents the impact of the food environment on bodyweight in children and adults. Moderately strong evidence now indicates that the foodenvironment is associated with dietary intake, especially lower consumption of vegetables andfruits and intakes resulting in higher body weight [143]. This is discussed further in Appendix 7.DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 118