297. Garcia-Closas, R., et al., Food, nutrient and heterocyclic amine intake and the risk of bladdercancer. Eur J Cancer, 2007. 43(11): p. 1731-40.298. Larsson, S.C., et al., Meat intake and bladder cancer risk in a Swedish prospective cohort.Cancer Causes Control, 2009. 20(1): p. 35-40.299. Koutros, S., et al., Meat and meat mutagens and risk of prostate cancer in the Agricultural<strong>Health</strong> Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2008. 17(1): p. 80-7.300. Mori, M., et al., Traditional Japanese diet and prostate cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res, 2009.53(2): p. 191-200.301. Chan, J.M., F. Wang, and E.A. Holly, Pancreatic cancer, animal protein and dietary fat in apopulation-based study, San Francisco Bay Area, California. Cancer Causes Control, 2007.18(10): p. 1153-67.302. Iso, H., et al., Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease amongJapanese: the Japan Public <strong>Health</strong> Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation, 2006.113(2): p. 195.303. Virtanen, J.K., et al., Fish consumption and risk of major chronic disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr,2008. 88(6): p. 1618-25.304. Whelton, S.P., et al., Meta-analysis of observational studies on fish intake and coronary heartdisease. Am J Cardiol, 2004. 93(9): p. 1119-23.305. Yamagishi, K., et al., Fish, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and mortality from cardiovasculardiseases in a nationwide community-based cohort of Japanese men and women the JACC (JapanCollaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008.52(12): p. 988-96.306. Folsom, A.R. and Z. Demissie, Fish intake, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and mortality in a cohortof postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol, 2004. 160(10): p. 1005-10.307. He, K., et al., Accumulated evidence on fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality: ameta-analysis of cohort studies. Circulation, 2004. 109(22): p. 2705-11.308. Jarvinen, R., et al., Intake of fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of coronary heartmortality in men and women. Br J Nutr, 2006. 95(4): p. 824-9.309. Kaushik, S., et al., Frequency of fish consumption, retinal microvascular signs and vascularmortality. Microcirculation, 2008. 15(1): p. 27-36.DRAFT <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Dietary</strong> <strong>Guidelines</strong>- December 2011 231
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesAustra
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction1.1 Why the Guidelin
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Food Modelling Report - transla
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Potential mechanisms through which
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adolescence predict diet quality an
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive SummaryDietary patterns w
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 CancerColorectal cancer: Ev
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2.2.4.2 CancerAlimentary tract canc
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanismsThere is n
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 VegetariansFor several nutr
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Evidence StatementConsumption of mo
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditionsDental cari
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Where to nextBoth the quality and q
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Executive summaryThis Guideline emp
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
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3.2.4.4 Older peopleTaste perceptio
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No large studies have measured the
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Excess weight: Many foods containin
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etter health outcomes than those wh
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Evidence StatementConsumption of al
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Dementia: The evidence suggests an
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Drinking coffee, having a cold show
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In the absence of any research to q
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Executive summaryHealthy weight is
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prevalence of obesity alone is high
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Compared to having a BMI between 18
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Kilojoules4.1.3.2 Energy intake and
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4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
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4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
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4.2.1 Primary preventionDiet and ph
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and consistent evidence that dietar
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4.2.2 Secondary preventionBehaviour
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Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
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Taller or larger and more active ad
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Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
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For older, taller or more active ch
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Most older people will benefit from
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5. Encourage and support breastfeed
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5.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
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Evidence StatementExclusive breastf
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Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
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5.2.4 Other benefitsSudden Infant D
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5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplaceEvi
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5.3.1.3 Community supportThe succes
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Executive summaryMore than five mil
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[929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
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contamination (see above) avoided.
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1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
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2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
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2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
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• Professor Dorothy Mackerras•
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• Level III-2 - A comparative stu
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food options to meet additional ene
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Appendix 3. Assessing growth andhea
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Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
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A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
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Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
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Suggested activities include:• mo
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Appendix 5. Studies examining thehe
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that further specific studies are r
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Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
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The economic, social and cultural f
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1049. Altman, J., Hunter-gatherers