404. Javaid, M.K., et al., Maternal and seasonal predictors of change in calcaneal quantitativeultrasound during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005. 90(9): p. 5182-7.405. Lanou, A.J., S.E. Berkow, and N.D. Barnard, Calcium, dairy products, and bone health inchildren and young adults: a reevaluation of the evidence. Pediatrics, 2005. 115(3): p. 736-43.406. Teegarden, D., et al., <strong>Dietary</strong> calcium intake protects women consuming oral contraceptives fromspine and hip bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005. 90(9): p. 5127-33.407. Volek, J.S., et al., Increasing fluid milk favorably affects bone mineral density responses toresistance training in adolescent boys. J Am Diet Assoc, 2003. 103(10): p. 1353-6.408. Feskanich, D., W.C. Willett, and G.A. Colditz, Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hipfractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 77(2): p.504.409. Kanis, J.A., et al., A meta-analysis of milk intake and fracture risk: low utility for case finding.Osteoporos Int, 2005. 16(7): p. 799-804.410. Mensink, R.P., et al., Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total toHDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 77(5): p. 1146-55.411. Temme, E., R.P. Mensink, and G. Hornstra, Comparison of the effects of diets enriched inlauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men. Am JClin Nutr, 1996. 63(6): p. 897.412. Griffith, L.E., et al., The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on bloodpressure: an updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens, 1999. 12(1Pt 1): p. 84-92.413. Clare, D.A. and H.E. Swaisgood, Bioactive milk peptides: a prospectus. J Dairy Sci, 2000.83(6): p. 1187-95.414. Bolland, M.J., et al., Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction andcardiovascular events: meta-analysis. Br Med J, 2010. 341: p. c3691.415. Bolland, M.J., et al., Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascularevents: reanalysis of the Women's <strong>Health</strong> Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ,2011. 342: p. d2040.416. Green, J.H., C. Booth, and R. Bunning, Postprandial metabolic responses to milk enriched withmilk calcium are different from responses to milk enriched with calcium carbonate. Asia Pac J ClinNutr, 2003. 12(1): p. 109-19.DRAFT <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Dietary</strong> <strong>Guidelines</strong>- December 2011 239
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesAustra
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction1.1 Why the Guidelin
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Food Modelling Report - transla
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Potential mechanisms through which
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adolescence predict diet quality an
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive SummaryDietary patterns w
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 CancerColorectal cancer: Ev
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2.2.4.2 CancerAlimentary tract canc
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanismsThere is n
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 VegetariansFor several nutr
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Evidence StatementConsumption of mo
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditionsDental cari
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Where to nextBoth the quality and q
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Executive summaryThis Guideline emp
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
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3.2.4.4 Older peopleTaste perceptio
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No large studies have measured the
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Excess weight: Many foods containin
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etter health outcomes than those wh
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Evidence StatementConsumption of al
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Dementia: The evidence suggests an
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Drinking coffee, having a cold show
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In the absence of any research to q
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Executive summaryHealthy weight is
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prevalence of obesity alone is high
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Compared to having a BMI between 18
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Kilojoules4.1.3.2 Energy intake and
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4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
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4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
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4.2.1 Primary preventionDiet and ph
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and consistent evidence that dietar
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4.2.2 Secondary preventionBehaviour
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Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
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Taller or larger and more active ad
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Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
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For older, taller or more active ch
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Most older people will benefit from
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5. Encourage and support breastfeed
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5.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
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Evidence StatementExclusive breastf
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Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
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5.2.4 Other benefitsSudden Infant D
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5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplaceEvi
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5.3.1.3 Community supportThe succes
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Executive summaryMore than five mil
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[929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
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contamination (see above) avoided.
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1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
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2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
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2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
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• Professor Dorothy Mackerras•
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• Level III-2 - A comparative stu
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food options to meet additional ene
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Appendix 3. Assessing growth andhea
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Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
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A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
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Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
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Suggested activities include:• mo
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Appendix 5. Studies examining thehe
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that further specific studies are r
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Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
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The economic, social and cultural f
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A diet consistent with the Guidelin
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In other more recent studies, highe
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A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
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A7.4.3.2. Aboriginal people living
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