Draft Australian Dietary Guidelines (PDF, 3MB) - Eat For Health

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Table A9.2: Evidence statements (Grade D) that did not inform the Australian DietaryGuidelinesEvidence StatementGradeVegetablesThe effect of total vegetable consumption on gastric (stomach) cancer isinconclusive (Section 2.5 in Evidence Report)The effect of total vegetable consumption on the risk of breast cancer isinconclusive (Section 2.6 in Evidence Report)The effect of total vegetable consumption on the risk of colorectal cancer isinconclusive (Section 2.8 in Evidence Report)The effect of total vegetable consumption on the risk of lung cancer isinconclusive (Grade D, Section 2.7 in Evidence ReportDDDDFruitThe effect of fruit consumption on the risk of oesophageal cancer is inconclusive(Section 1.9 in Evidence Report)The effect of fruit consumption on the risk of gastric cancer is inconclusive(Section 1.5 in Evidence Report)There is limited evidence that fruit consumption reduces the risk of lung cancer(Section 1.7 in Evidence Report)The effect of citrus fruit consumption on the risk of pancreatic cancer isinconclusive (Section 1.13 in Evidence Report)DDDDGrain (cereal) foodsThe effect of grain (cereal) consumption on the risk of cancer is inconclusive(Section 6.1 in Evidence Report)DLean meat and poultry, fish, eggs, legumes/beans and nuts/seedsThe consumption of unprocessed red meat is associated with an increased riskof lung cancer (Section 4.5 in Evidence Report)There is limited evidence showing no association between the consumption ofred meat and the risk of breast cancer (Section 4.4 in Evidence Report)The effect of consuming poultry at least once a week on the risk of breastDDDDRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 207
Evidence Statementcancer is inconclusive (Section 10.1 in Evidence Report)The effect of consuming poultry at least once a week on the risk of colorectalcancer is inconclusive (Section 10.2 in Evidence Report)The effect of fish consumption on the risk of breast cancer is inconclusive(Section 9.6 in Evidence Report)The effect of fish consumption on the risk of colorectal cancer is inconclusive(Section 9.7 in Evidence Report)The effect of fish consumption on the risk of prostate cancer is inconclusive(Section 9.8 in Evidence Report)The effect of fish consumption on the risk of renal cell cancer is inconclusive(Section 9.9 in Evidence Report)The effect of egg consumption on the risk of cancer is inconclusive (Section 11.2in Evidence Report)Consumption of legumes (especially soy foods) is associated with a reduced riskof breast cancer (Section 7.1 in Evidence Report)There unlikely to be a significant protective effect against prostate cancer fromconsuming soy foods (Section 7.2 in Evidence Report)GradeDDDDDDDDMilk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternativesThe effect of milk consumption on the risk of prostate cancer is inconclusive(Section 5.14 in Evidence Report)DWaterThe effect of coffee consumption on the risk of increased systolic bloodpressure is inconclusive (Section 15.14 in Evidence Report)The effect of consuming four cups of coffee a day on the risk of gastric cancer isinconclusive (Section 15.5 in Evidence Report)Green and black tea consumption is not associated with an increased risk ofbreast cancer (Sections 15.16, 15.17, 15.22 in Evidence Report)DDDDRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 208
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesAustra
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction1.1 Why the Guidelin
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Food Modelling Report - transla
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Potential mechanisms through which
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adolescence predict diet quality an
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive SummaryDietary patterns w
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 CancerColorectal cancer: Ev
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2.2.4.2 CancerAlimentary tract canc
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanismsThere is n
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 VegetariansFor several nutr
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Evidence StatementConsumption of mo
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditionsDental cari
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Where to nextBoth the quality and q
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Executive summaryThis Guideline emp
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
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3.2.4.4 Older peopleTaste perceptio
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No large studies have measured the
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Excess weight: Many foods containin
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etter health outcomes than those wh
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Evidence StatementConsumption of al
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Dementia: The evidence suggests an
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Drinking coffee, having a cold show
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In the absence of any research to q
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Executive summaryHealthy weight is
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prevalence of obesity alone is high
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Compared to having a BMI between 18
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Kilojoules4.1.3.2 Energy intake and
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4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
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4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
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4.2.1 Primary preventionDiet and ph
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and consistent evidence that dietar
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4.2.2 Secondary preventionBehaviour
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Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
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Taller or larger and more active ad
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Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
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For older, taller or more active ch
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Most older people will benefit from
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5. Encourage and support breastfeed
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5.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
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Evidence StatementExclusive breastf
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Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
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5.2.4 Other benefitsSudden Infant D
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5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplaceEvi
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5.3.1.3 Community supportThe succes
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Executive summaryMore than five mil
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[929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
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contamination (see above) avoided.
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1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
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2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
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2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
Page 158 and 159: • Professor Dorothy Mackerras•
Page 160 and 161: • Level III-2 - A comparative stu
Page 162 and 163: food options to meet additional ene
Page 164 and 165: Appendix 3. Assessing growth andhea
Page 166 and 167: Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
Page 168 and 169: A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
Page 170 and 171: Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
Page 172 and 173: Suggested activities include:• mo
Page 174 and 175: Appendix 5. Studies examining thehe
Page 176 and 177: that further specific studies are r
Page 178 and 179: Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
Page 180 and 181: The economic, social and cultural f
Page 182 and 183: A diet consistent with the Guidelin
Page 184 and 185: In other more recent studies, highe
Page 186 and 187: A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
Page 188 and 189: A7.4.3.2. Aboriginal people living
Page 190 and 191: Mortality rates for people born ove
Page 192 and 193: Appendix 8: GlossaryAdequate Intake
Page 194 and 195: CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are poly
Page 196 and 197: Exclusive breastfeedingMeans an inf
Page 198 and 199: Legume/BeansRefers to all forms of
Page 200 and 201: Older adultsFor the purposes of the
Page 202 and 203: Reduced fat productsFor a food to b
Page 204 and 205: celery and asparagus), gourd vegeta
Page 206 and 207: Evidence StatementGradeFruitConsump
Page 210 and 211: References1. Rayner, M. and P. Scar
Page 212 and 213: 27. Wilkinson, R. and M. Marmot, So
Page 214 and 215: 54. Hawkins, S.S., T.J. Cole, and C
Page 216 and 217: 81. Hesketh, K., M. Wake, and E. Wa
Page 218 and 219: 107. McCullough, M.L., et al., Diet
Page 220 and 221: 135. Brimblecombe, J.K. and K. O’
Page 222 and 223: 162. Kreimer, A.R., et al., Diet an
Page 224 and 225: 189. Ward, H.A., et al., Breast, co
Page 226 and 227: 216. Paolini, M., et al., Beta-caro
Page 228 and 229: 244. Kelly, S.A., et al., Wholegrai
Page 230 and 231: 270. Williams, P.G., et al., Cereal
Page 232 and 233: 297. Garcia-Closas, R., et al., Foo
Page 234 and 235: 324. Maclean, C.H., et al., Effects
Page 236 and 237: 349. Vander Wal, J.S., et al., Egg
Page 238 and 239: 376. Elwood, P.C., et al., The surv
Page 240 and 241: 404. Javaid, M.K., et al., Maternal
Page 242 and 243: 430. Lagiou, P., et al., Intake of
Page 244 and 245: 458. Vartanian, L.R., M.B. Schwartz
Page 246 and 247: 486. Lopez-Ridaura, R., et al., Mag
Page 248 and 249: 512. Kratz, M., et al., The impact
Page 250 and 251: 537. Daniels, S.R. and F.R. Greer,
Page 252 and 253: 562. Cook, N.R., et al., Joint effe
Page 254 and 255: 588. Burt, B.A., et al., The effect
Page 256 and 257: 615. Ronksley, P.E., et al., Associ
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642. Purdue, M.P., et al., Type of
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669. Arntzen, K., et al., Moderate
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696. Rokholm, B., J.L. Baker, and T
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724. Bensimhon, D.R., W.E. Kraus, a
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750. Centre for Epidemiology and Re
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776. Monasta, L., et al., Early-lif
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803. Prentice, A.M. and S.A. Jebb,
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830. Callaway, L.K., et al., The pr
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857. Australian Institute of Health
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885. Demmelmair, H., J. von Rosen,
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911. Duong, D.V., C.W. Binns, and A
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940. Cashel K, L.J., NUTTAB89-Nutri
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http://www.health.gov.au/internet/m
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995. Atlantis, E., E.H. Barnes, and
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1021. Australian Bureau of Statisti
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1049. Altman, J., Hunter-gatherers
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