Draft Australian Dietary Guidelines (PDF, 3MB) - Eat For Health

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Table A3.1 International BMI cut-off points for overweight and obesity: males andfemales aged 2-18 yearsA3.1.3 CDC BMI curvesThe Centers for Disease Control (CDC) age and sex-specific BMI curves [947] are commonlyused. In Australia, NHMRC and DoHA had recommended use of the US CDC growth charts[952] for children and adolescents aged 2–18 years [36, 956]. This reference was also used byWHO before 2006. NHMRC defined overweight as above the 85th percentile for BMI-for-age andobese as above the 95th percentile for BMI-for-age.DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 165
However, use of the CDC Charts has been criticised as they are based on US data only, from fivenational surveys undertaken between 1963 and 1994, the most recent being NHANES 111. Theage and sex-specific CDC growth charts were last updated in 2000, and do not include weight data(and thus BMI data) from NHANES 111 from children over six years of age.A3.1.4 WHO growth chartsThe World Health Organization (WHO) has developed and uses two sets of growth referencecharts, one for children from birth to age five years [949], and one for children and adolescentsfrom age 5 to 19 years [948]. For children younger than five years, tables and charts showingpercentiles and Z-scores for BMI-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-length were published in2006. Overweight is defined as two standard deviations above normal on the weight-for-heightchart and underweight is defined as weight-for-age two standard deviations below normal [949].For children and adolescents aged five to 19 years, tables and charts showing percentiles and Z-scores for BMI-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-age were published in 2007. The BMI Z-score-for-age chart defines overweight as greater than one standard deviation above normal,obesity as greater than two standard deviations above normal, thinness as less than two standarddeviations below normal, and severe thinness as less than three standard deviations below normal[948]. Recently the US has adopted the WHO growth charts [952] for children below 2 years ofage. However, these WHO growth charts are not commonly used in Australia at present.A3.1.5 OthersWaist circumference and waist/height ratio are becoming more common measures of child andadolescent central adiposity, but there is little consensus regarding standard cut-off values todefine overweight and obesity [717, 957-962]. Waist circumference is widely used in adultsbecause of its relationship to morbidity and mortality.Skinfold measurement – an index of subcutaneous adipose tissue – is another method of definingof under- or over-nutrition [963]. Reliable and accurate measurements depend to a large extenton the use of trained operators and properly calibrated instruments.Other methods of body composition assessment, for example DEXA (dual energy X-rayabsorptiometry), can provide accurate measurements, but cost limits their application toexperimental use and to clinical settings where more accurate diagnosis is required formanagement [964]. The most accurate measure of body composition is provided by using doublylabelled water, but cost limits its use to research.DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 166
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesAustra
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction1.1 Why the Guidelin
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Food Modelling Report - transla
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Potential mechanisms through which
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adolescence predict diet quality an
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive SummaryDietary patterns w
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 CancerColorectal cancer: Ev
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2.2.4.2 CancerAlimentary tract canc
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanismsThere is n
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 VegetariansFor several nutr
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Evidence StatementConsumption of mo
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditionsDental cari
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Where to nextBoth the quality and q
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Executive summaryThis Guideline emp
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
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3.2.4.4 Older peopleTaste perceptio
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No large studies have measured the
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Excess weight: Many foods containin
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etter health outcomes than those wh
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Evidence StatementConsumption of al
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Dementia: The evidence suggests an
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Drinking coffee, having a cold show
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In the absence of any research to q
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Executive summaryHealthy weight is
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prevalence of obesity alone is high
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Compared to having a BMI between 18
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Kilojoules4.1.3.2 Energy intake and
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4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
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4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
Page 116 and 117: 4.2.1 Primary preventionDiet and ph
Page 118 and 119: and consistent evidence that dietar
Page 120 and 121: 4.2.2 Secondary preventionBehaviour
Page 122 and 123: Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
Page 124 and 125: Taller or larger and more active ad
Page 126 and 127: Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
Page 128 and 129: For older, taller or more active ch
Page 130 and 131: Most older people will benefit from
Page 132 and 133: 5. Encourage and support breastfeed
Page 134 and 135: 5.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
Page 136 and 137: Evidence StatementExclusive breastf
Page 138 and 139: Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
Page 140 and 141: 5.2.4 Other benefitsSudden Infant D
Page 142 and 143: 5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplaceEvi
Page 144 and 145: 5.3.1.3 Community supportThe succes
Page 146 and 147: Executive summaryMore than five mil
Page 148 and 149: [929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
Page 150 and 151: contamination (see above) avoided.
Page 152 and 153: 1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
Page 154 and 155: 2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
Page 156 and 157: 2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
Page 158 and 159: • Professor Dorothy Mackerras•
Page 160 and 161: • Level III-2 - A comparative stu
Page 162 and 163: food options to meet additional ene
Page 164 and 165: Appendix 3. Assessing growth andhea
Page 168 and 169: A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
Page 170 and 171: Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
Page 172 and 173: Suggested activities include:• mo
Page 174 and 175: Appendix 5. Studies examining thehe
Page 176 and 177: that further specific studies are r
Page 178 and 179: Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
Page 180 and 181: The economic, social and cultural f
Page 182 and 183: A diet consistent with the Guidelin
Page 184 and 185: In other more recent studies, highe
Page 186 and 187: A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
Page 188 and 189: A7.4.3.2. Aboriginal people living
Page 190 and 191: Mortality rates for people born ove
Page 192 and 193: Appendix 8: GlossaryAdequate Intake
Page 194 and 195: CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are poly
Page 196 and 197: Exclusive breastfeedingMeans an inf
Page 198 and 199: Legume/BeansRefers to all forms of
Page 200 and 201: Older adultsFor the purposes of the
Page 202 and 203: Reduced fat productsFor a food to b
Page 204 and 205: celery and asparagus), gourd vegeta
Page 206 and 207: Evidence StatementGradeFruitConsump
Page 208 and 209: Table A9.2: Evidence statements (Gr
Page 210 and 211: References1. Rayner, M. and P. Scar
Page 212 and 213: 27. Wilkinson, R. and M. Marmot, So
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81. Hesketh, K., M. Wake, and E. Wa
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107. McCullough, M.L., et al., Diet
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135. Brimblecombe, J.K. and K. O’
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162. Kreimer, A.R., et al., Diet an
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189. Ward, H.A., et al., Breast, co
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216. Paolini, M., et al., Beta-caro
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244. Kelly, S.A., et al., Wholegrai
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270. Williams, P.G., et al., Cereal
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349. Vander Wal, J.S., et al., Egg
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404. Javaid, M.K., et al., Maternal
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776. Monasta, L., et al., Early-lif
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803. Prentice, A.M. and S.A. Jebb,
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830. Callaway, L.K., et al., The pr
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857. Australian Institute of Health
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885. Demmelmair, H., J. von Rosen,
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911. Duong, D.V., C.W. Binns, and A
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940. Cashel K, L.J., NUTTAB89-Nutri
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995. Atlantis, E., E.H. Barnes, and
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1021. Australian Bureau of Statisti
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1049. Altman, J., Hunter-gatherers
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