Draft Australian Dietary Guidelines (PDF, 3MB) - Eat For Health

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Evidence StatementExclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more prolongs lactational amenorrhea formothers.Breastfeeding support (any type) increases duration of both exclusive and nonexclusivebreastfeeding both in the immediate post-natal period and at six months ofage.Being breastfed initially, particularly exclusively breastfed is associated with lowertotal and LDL concentrations in adult life.Breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of asthma and atopic disease.Breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of atopic disease.Not breastfeeding is associated with an increased risk of Sudden Infant DeathSyndrome.Maternal perceived insufficient milk (PIM) supply is associated with increased risk ofearly cessation of lactation.GradeBBCCCCC5.2.1 Breastfeeding incidence and durationExclusive breastfeeding: Systematic reviews from developed and developing countries provideevidence of a probable association that exclusive breastfeeding for around six months of life 3 is thebest method of feeding for full-term infants (Grade B, Section 23.2 in Evidence Report [14]).Breastfeeding can then continue while appropriate solid (spoon) foods are introduced.WHO andalmost all national and international paediatric and public health organisations make similarrecommendations. NHMRC’s Infant Feeding Guidelines for Health Workers (public consultationdraft 2011) recommend that exclusive breastfeeding be encouraged, supported and promoted toaround six months of age. —see Infant Feeding Guidelines for Health Workers – Literature Review fora full list [868-871].Adding other foods: The introduction of complementary feeding (adding solid foods and liquidsother than breastmilk or infant formula) at around six months is consistent with introduction ofsolid foods during the probable ‘window of tolerance’ between 4–7 months [872]. The majority ofAustralian infants have solids introduced during this period [873].3In Australia, ‘around six months’ for exclusive breastfeeding is used to acknowledge that different infants develop atdifferent rates. 22 – 26 weeks is considered to be “around six months”.DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 135
No apparent risks have been reported in recommending, as a general policy, exclusivebreastfeeding for around the first six months of life, in both developing and developed countries(Grade B, Section 23.2 in Evidence Report [14]). It is important, however, that health professionalsmanage infants individually so that faltering growth or other adverse outcomes do not gounnoticed.Early cessation of lactation: Recent evidence suggests an association between maternal perceivedinsufficient milk (PIM) supply and an increased risk of early cessation of lactation (Grade C, Section25.3 in Evidence Report [14]).Supportive environments: There is convincing evidence that pre-natal and perinatal support forbreastfeeding can increase the proportion of women breastfeeding (both exclusive and nonexclusive)up to age 6 months (Grade A, Section 25.3 in Evidence Report [14]).Recent evidence also suggests a probable association between breastfeeding support (any type)and an increased duration of both exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding, both in theImmediate post-natal period and at 6 months of age (Grade B, Section 25.3 in Evidence Report[14]).DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 136
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesAustra
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction1.1 Why the Guidelin
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Food Modelling Report - transla
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Potential mechanisms through which
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adolescence predict diet quality an
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive SummaryDietary patterns w
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 CancerColorectal cancer: Ev
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2.2.4.2 CancerAlimentary tract canc
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanismsThere is n
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 VegetariansFor several nutr
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Evidence StatementConsumption of mo
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditionsDental cari
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Where to nextBoth the quality and q
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Executive summaryThis Guideline emp
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
Page 86 and 87: 3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
Page 88 and 89: 3.2.4.4 Older peopleTaste perceptio
Page 90 and 91: No large studies have measured the
Page 92 and 93: Excess weight: Many foods containin
Page 94 and 95: etter health outcomes than those wh
Page 96 and 97: Evidence StatementConsumption of al
Page 98 and 99: Dementia: The evidence suggests an
Page 100 and 101: Drinking coffee, having a cold show
Page 102 and 103: In the absence of any research to q
Page 104 and 105: Executive summaryHealthy weight is
Page 106 and 107: prevalence of obesity alone is high
Page 108 and 109: Compared to having a BMI between 18
Page 110 and 111: Kilojoules4.1.3.2 Energy intake and
Page 112 and 113: 4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
Page 114 and 115: 4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
Page 116 and 117: 4.2.1 Primary preventionDiet and ph
Page 118 and 119: and consistent evidence that dietar
Page 120 and 121: 4.2.2 Secondary preventionBehaviour
Page 122 and 123: Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
Page 124 and 125: Taller or larger and more active ad
Page 126 and 127: Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
Page 128 and 129: For older, taller or more active ch
Page 130 and 131: Most older people will benefit from
Page 132 and 133: 5. Encourage and support breastfeed
Page 134 and 135: 5.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
Page 138 and 139: Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
Page 140 and 141: 5.2.4 Other benefitsSudden Infant D
Page 142 and 143: 5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplaceEvi
Page 144 and 145: 5.3.1.3 Community supportThe succes
Page 146 and 147: Executive summaryMore than five mil
Page 148 and 149: [929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
Page 150 and 151: contamination (see above) avoided.
Page 152 and 153: 1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
Page 154 and 155: 2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
Page 156 and 157: 2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
Page 158 and 159: • Professor Dorothy Mackerras•
Page 160 and 161: • Level III-2 - A comparative stu
Page 162 and 163: food options to meet additional ene
Page 164 and 165: Appendix 3. Assessing growth andhea
Page 166 and 167: Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
Page 168 and 169: A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
Page 170 and 171: Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
Page 172 and 173: Suggested activities include:• mo
Page 174 and 175: Appendix 5. Studies examining thehe
Page 176 and 177: that further specific studies are r
Page 178 and 179: Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
Page 180 and 181: The economic, social and cultural f
Page 182 and 183: A diet consistent with the Guidelin
Page 184 and 185: In other more recent studies, highe
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A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
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A7.4.3.2. Aboriginal people living
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Mortality rates for people born ove
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Appendix 8: GlossaryAdequate Intake
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are poly
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Exclusive breastfeedingMeans an inf
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Legume/BeansRefers to all forms of
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Older adultsFor the purposes of the
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Reduced fat productsFor a food to b
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celery and asparagus), gourd vegeta
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Evidence StatementGradeFruitConsump
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Table A9.2: Evidence statements (Gr
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References1. Rayner, M. and P. Scar
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27. Wilkinson, R. and M. Marmot, So
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54. Hawkins, S.S., T.J. Cole, and C
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81. Hesketh, K., M. Wake, and E. Wa
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107. McCullough, M.L., et al., Diet
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135. Brimblecombe, J.K. and K. O’
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162. Kreimer, A.R., et al., Diet an
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189. Ward, H.A., et al., Breast, co
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216. Paolini, M., et al., Beta-caro
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244. Kelly, S.A., et al., Wholegrai
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270. Williams, P.G., et al., Cereal
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297. Garcia-Closas, R., et al., Foo
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324. Maclean, C.H., et al., Effects
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349. Vander Wal, J.S., et al., Egg
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376. Elwood, P.C., et al., The surv
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404. Javaid, M.K., et al., Maternal
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430. Lagiou, P., et al., Intake of
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458. Vartanian, L.R., M.B. Schwartz
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486. Lopez-Ridaura, R., et al., Mag
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512. Kratz, M., et al., The impact
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537. Daniels, S.R. and F.R. Greer,
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562. Cook, N.R., et al., Joint effe
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588. Burt, B.A., et al., The effect
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615. Ronksley, P.E., et al., Associ
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642. Purdue, M.P., et al., Type of
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669. Arntzen, K., et al., Moderate
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724. Bensimhon, D.R., W.E. Kraus, a
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750. Centre for Epidemiology and Re
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776. Monasta, L., et al., Early-lif
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803. Prentice, A.M. and S.A. Jebb,
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830. Callaway, L.K., et al., The pr
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857. Australian Institute of Health
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885. Demmelmair, H., J. von Rosen,
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911. Duong, D.V., C.W. Binns, and A
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940. Cashel K, L.J., NUTTAB89-Nutri
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995. Atlantis, E., E.H. Barnes, and
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1021. Australian Bureau of Statisti
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1049. Altman, J., Hunter-gatherers
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