Radiography in Modern Industry - Kodak

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Chapter 12: The Processing RoomThe location, design, and construction of the x-ray processing facilities are major factors in theinstallation of adequate radiographic services. These facilities may be a single room, or a seriesof rooms for individual activities, depending an the amount and character of the work performed.Because of the special importance of these rooms for the handling, processing, and storing of x-ray films, both their general and detailed features should be most thoughtfully worked out. Whenplanning reflects care and foresight, the effort expended is soon offset by ease of operation,improved production, and lowered costs of maintenance.The flow of x-ray films from the radiographic room, through the processing facilities, to theviewing room should be a simple yet smooth operation requiring the fewest possible steps. Theroutine can be expedited by proper planning of the location within the department of the room orrooms devoted to processing, and by efficient arrangement of the equipment.Ideally, processing rooms should be supplied with filtered air, at a pressure above that of theoutside. This is particularly important when the outside air is likely to be contaminated with sand,dirt, or other airborne particles.Processing AreaThe volume of films to be handled in the department, and the importance of rapid access to thefinished radiographs, will determine whether manual or automatic processing will be used.Manual ProcessingIf the work load is small or intermittent, a single room containing all of the facilities can be used(See Figure 82). However, if the volume of manual processing is relatively high, production canbe expedited by dividing the operations among three areas: A room for loading and unloadingcassettes; a processing room with a through-the-wall tank; and a washing and drying room.In general, the manual processing room should be large enough to hold all the necessaryequipment without crowding. However, there is no advantage in having excessive floor space,although need for future expansion should be anticipated. The room shown in the figure belowwill permit the processing of more than 200 films a day, and can be constructed in a floor space91/2 x 15 feet.It is most efficient to have the processing area adjoin the exposure room. However, indepartments where highly penetrating radiation is used, the amount of radiation shielding neededto protect personnel and film may be prohibitively expensive, in which case the processing roommust be located at a safe distance.
Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray processing room.Loading BenchBasically, operations performed in the processing areas should be separated into parts--the "dry"and the "wet." The dry activities--such as the handling of unprocessed film, loading and unloadingof cassettes and exposure holders, and the loading of processing hangers--are all done at theloading bench. This may be either opposite the processing tanks in the same room or in aseparate adjacent room. Where a cassette-transfer cabinet is used, it should open onto theloading bench, which should provide facilities for storage of processing hangers and other items,and a light tight film bin. Items such as the transfer cabinet, film storage bin, and processinghanger brackets are commercially available.Radiography in Modern Industry 129
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RadiographyinModernIndustry
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RadiographyinModernIndustryFOURTH E
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ContentsIntroduction...............
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Chapter 1: The Radiographic Process
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Intensifying ScreensX-ray and other
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makes it a very suitable material f
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Figure 6: Typical voltage waveforms
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Table I - Typical X-ray Machines an
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The wavelengths (or energies of rad
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Table III - Industrial Gamma-Ray So
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1. The source of light should be sm
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B and H in the Figure 13 show the e
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Figure 14: Geometric construction f
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Figure 17: Pinhole pictures of the
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The kilovoltage applied to the x-ra
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Figure 21: Schematic diagram of som
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kind of material radiographed, the
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instance, the kilovoltage may be fi
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The technique need not be limited t
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Chapter 5: Radiographic ScreensWhen
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Contact between the film and the le
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Figure 29: The number of electrons
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lead foil screens ran be retained w
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Figure 33: The sharpness of the rad
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Figure 34: Low density (right) is a
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such as a wall or floor, on the fil
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from this source. Since scatter als
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A filter reduces excessive subject
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Definite rules as to filter thickne
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0.010-inch front screen of value be
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Example: Suppose that with a given
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If the milliamperage remains consta
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espectively. In other words, a cons
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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where the slope of the characterist
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Figure 51: Characteristic curve of
Page 77 and 78: Nomogram MethodsIn Figure 54, the s
Page 79 and 80: Figure 56: Transparent overlay posi
Page 81 and 82: Figure 58: Overlay positioned so as
Page 83 and 84: The problem of radiographing a part
Page 85 and 86: Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
Page 89 and 90: Film contrast refers to the slope (
Page 91 and 92: Hole Type PenetrametersThe common p
Page 93 and 94: of the same thickness as the specim
Page 95 and 96: Chapter 9: Industrial X-ray FilmsMo
Page 97 and 98: Figure 70 indicates the direction t
Page 99 and 100: the lead letters on a radiation-abs
Page 101 and 102: Therefore, protection requirements
Page 103 and 104: 5. Avoid pressure damage caused by
Page 105 and 106: Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 107 and 108: slow, and the development time reco
Page 109 and 110: ubbles make their way to the surfac
Page 111 and 112: When development is complete, the f
Page 113 and 114: soften considerably with prolonged
Page 115 and 116: Figure 77: The roller transport sys
Page 117 and 118: Rapid Access to Processed Radiograp
Page 119 and 120: Figure 78: Film-feeding procedures
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 11: Process ControlUsers of
Page 123 and 124: 3. Age of the developer replenisher
Page 125 and 126: Figure 80: Control chart below for
Page 127: DiscussionDensitometric data and pr
Page 131 and 132: Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
Page 133 and 134: loading-bench activities are carrie
Page 135 and 136: KODAK Quinone-Thiosulfate Intensifi
Page 137 and 138: Methylene-Blue MethodTwo variations
Page 139 and 140: KODAK Hypo Test Solution HT-2Avoird
Page 141 and 142: In summary, use of the test papers
Page 143 and 144: narrow angle would be very thick, e
Page 145 and 146: When radiation passes through a spe
Page 147 and 148: Figure 89: Demonstration of the eff
Page 149 and 150: Figure 90: The amount of gamma radi
Page 151 and 152: The radiograph exposed in the right
Page 153 and 154: To illustrate, let us assume that t
Page 155 and 156: Figure 95: High-speed x-ray picture
Page 157 and 158: Figure 97: Two methods of neutron r
Page 159 and 160: Duplicating RadiographsSimultaneous
Page 161 and 162: Sometimes, as when sets of referenc
Page 163 and 164: PhotofluorographyIn photofluorograp
Page 165 and 166: discontinuities or of segregation i
Page 167 and 168: from the camera or by reaching down
Page 169 and 170: Figure 106: Schematic diagram of th
Page 171 and 172: valuable technique, for instance, i
Page 173 and 174: The position of the spots is determ
Page 175 and 176: Powder Diffraction File, Internatio
Page 177 and 178: Processing TechniquesRadiographs on
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Since this formula applies only to
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such that it does not distort the i
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Figure 113: A: Representation of a
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Figure 115: Characteristic curve of
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film fairly well. If high densities
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Density = 1.5 Density = 2.5Film Rel
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In most industrial radiography, the
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e noted here. Although the average
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Chapter 17: Film Graininess; Signal
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The ratio of signal to noise has a
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Chapter 18: The Photographic Latent
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Thus, the change that makes an expo
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Figure 130: Stages in the developme
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electrons by successive Compton int
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Development is essentially a chemic
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Chapter 19: ProtectionOne of the mo
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duct is brought into the x-ray room
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Radiography in Modern Industry - Kodak

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