Radiography in Modern Industry - Kodak

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AcknowledgementsTo W. R. Garrett, H. R. Splettstosser, D. E. Titus, and all of thosewho have contributed to this fourth edition of Radiography in ModernIndustry, we extend our sincere appreciation.Richard A. QuinnClaire C. SiglEditorsJohn J. Callinan, Jr.Director of Industrial Radiology©Eastman Kodak Company 1980Radiography in Modern Industry 4
ContentsIntroduction.............................................................................................................6Chapter 1: The Radiographic Process ..................................................................7Chapter 2: X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Sources......................................................10Chapter 3: Geometric Principles .........................................................................20Chapter 4: Factors Governing Exposure.............................................................28Chapter 5: Radiographic Screens .......................................................................39Chapter 6: Scattered Radiation ...........................................................................50Chapter 7: Arithmetic of Exposure ......................................................................60Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quality and Detail Visibility...............................87Chapter 9: Industrial X-ray Films.........................................................................95Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Processing.........................................................104Chapter 11: Process Control .............................................................................121Chapter 12: The Processing Room ...................................................................128Chapter 13: Special Processing Techniques ....................................................134Chapter 14: Special Radiographic Techniques.................................................142Chapter 15: Paper Radiography........................................................................176Chapter 16: Sensitometric Characteristics of X-ray Films.................................182Chapter 17: Film Graininess; Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Radiographs ................195Chapter 18: The Photographic Latent Image ....................................................199Chapter 19: Protection ......................................................................................209
Page 1 and 2: RadiographyinModernIndustry
Page 3: RadiographyinModernIndustryFOURTH E
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 1: The Radiographic Process
Page 9 and 10: Intensifying ScreensX-ray and other
Page 11 and 12: makes it a very suitable material f
Page 13 and 14: Figure 6: Typical voltage waveforms
Page 15 and 16: Table I - Typical X-ray Machines an
Page 17 and 18: The wavelengths (or energies of rad
Page 19 and 20: Table III - Industrial Gamma-Ray So
Page 21 and 22: 1. The source of light should be sm
Page 23 and 24: B and H in the Figure 13 show the e
Page 25 and 26: Figure 14: Geometric construction f
Page 27 and 28: Figure 17: Pinhole pictures of the
Page 29 and 30: The kilovoltage applied to the x-ra
Page 31 and 32: Figure 21: Schematic diagram of som
Page 33 and 34: kind of material radiographed, the
Page 35 and 36: instance, the kilovoltage may be fi
Page 37 and 38: The technique need not be limited t
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 5: Radiographic ScreensWhen
Page 41 and 42: Contact between the film and the le
Page 43 and 44: Figure 29: The number of electrons
Page 45 and 46: lead foil screens ran be retained w
Page 47 and 48: Figure 33: The sharpness of the rad
Page 49 and 50: Figure 34: Low density (right) is a
Page 51 and 52: such as a wall or floor, on the fil
Page 53 and 54: from this source. Since scatter als
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A filter reduces excessive subject
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Definite rules as to filter thickne
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0.010-inch front screen of value be
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Example: Suppose that with a given
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If the milliamperage remains consta
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espectively. In other words, a cons
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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where the slope of the characterist
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Figure 51: Characteristic curve of
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Nomogram MethodsIn Figure 54, the s
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Figure 56: Transparent overlay posi
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Figure 58: Overlay positioned so as
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The problem of radiographing a part
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Film contrast refers to the slope (
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Hole Type PenetrametersThe common p
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of the same thickness as the specim
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Chapter 9: Industrial X-ray FilmsMo
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Figure 70 indicates the direction t
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the lead letters on a radiation-abs
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Therefore, protection requirements
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5. Avoid pressure damage caused by
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Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
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slow, and the development time reco
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ubbles make their way to the surfac
Page 111 and 112:
When development is complete, the f
Page 113 and 114:
soften considerably with prolonged
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Figure 77: The roller transport sys
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Rapid Access to Processed Radiograp
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 78: Film-feeding procedures
Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 11: Process ControlUsers of
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3. Age of the developer replenisher
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 80: Control chart below for
Page 127 and 128:
DiscussionDensitometric data and pr
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Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
Page 133 and 134:
loading-bench activities are carrie
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KODAK Quinone-Thiosulfate Intensifi
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Methylene-Blue MethodTwo variations
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KODAK Hypo Test Solution HT-2Avoird
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In summary, use of the test papers
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narrow angle would be very thick, e
Page 145 and 146:
When radiation passes through a spe
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 89: Demonstration of the eff
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Figure 90: The amount of gamma radi
Page 151 and 152:
The radiograph exposed in the right
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To illustrate, let us assume that t
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 95: High-speed x-ray picture
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Figure 97: Two methods of neutron r
Page 159 and 160:
Duplicating RadiographsSimultaneous
Page 161 and 162:
Sometimes, as when sets of referenc
Page 163 and 164:
PhotofluorographyIn photofluorograp
Page 165 and 166:
discontinuities or of segregation i
Page 167 and 168:
from the camera or by reaching down
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 106: Schematic diagram of th
Page 171 and 172:
valuable technique, for instance, i
Page 173 and 174:
The position of the spots is determ
Page 175 and 176:
Powder Diffraction File, Internatio
Page 177 and 178:
Processing TechniquesRadiographs on
Page 179 and 180:
Since this formula applies only to
Page 181 and 182:
such that it does not distort the i
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 113: A: Representation of a
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 115: Characteristic curve of
Page 187 and 188:
film fairly well. If high densities
Page 189 and 190:
Density = 1.5 Density = 2.5Film Rel
Page 191 and 192:
In most industrial radiography, the
Page 193 and 194:
e noted here. Although the average
Page 195 and 196:
Chapter 17: Film Graininess; Signal
Page 197 and 198:
The ratio of signal to noise has a
Page 199 and 200:
Chapter 18: The Photographic Latent
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Thus, the change that makes an expo
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 130: Stages in the developme
Page 205 and 206:
electrons by successive Compton int
Page 207 and 208:
Development is essentially a chemic
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 19: ProtectionOne of the mo
Page 211 and 212:
duct is brought into the x-ray room
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Radiography in Modern Industry - Kodak

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