Radiography in Modern Industry - Kodak

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The KODAK Chemical Recovery Cartridge is a plastic-lined drum packed with steel wool. Thesteel wool is gradually dissolved by the acid in the fixer solution. The dissolved iron then replacesthe silver in the silver-hypo complex. Since silver is not soluble in the acid in the fixer, itprecipitates and falls to the bottom of the cartridge. This action continues until the steel wool iscompletely dissolved and the cartridge is exhausted.The last statement is important: It is the acid in the fixer solution that exhausts the cartridge, notthe amount of silver. The quantity of silver recovered can vary from 0 to 200 troy ounces (morethan 13 pounds). The steel wool in a cartridge is sufficient to recover the silver in 220 gallons offixer overflow from any KODAK INDUSTREX Processor if the fixer is replenished at therecommended rate. Occasionally, an exhausted cartridge will yield more recovered silver thanexpected, because once a nucleus of silver has collected, it attracts more silver. However,although a cartridge may continue to collect silver after it is exhausted, the rate of collection islower and recoverable silver is lost; it does not pay to use an exhausted cartridge.It is also important to note that this process depends on the fixer being acidic. This is not aproblem when the overflow from an INDUSTREX Processor is passed through the cartridge, but itmay be a problem if the fixer used in manual processing is treated.Since all chemical reactions require time for completion, the flow of fixer from an automatedprocessor should not exceed 300 mL per minute, and the flow should not exceed 300 mL perminute when batches of fixer from manual processing are treated; otherwise, the solution doesnot stay in the cartridge long enough for optimum recovery.KODAK Chemical Recovery Cartridges are capable of efficiently removing the silver from 220gallons of normally used KODAK INDUSTREX Fixer and Replenisher, or from 220 gallons of fixerprepared with KODAK X-ray Fixer and KODAK Rapid Fixer and Replenisher. If, as a result ofexcessive replenishment, the fixer solution has had less than normal use, the cartridges may beexhausted somewhat sooner, because the solution is more acidic and the steel wool is dissolvedmore rapidly. If the fixer has had more than normal use, it may be somewhat less acidic, and thecartridges would be exhausted more slowly but at a sacrifice in efficiency of silver recovery.KODAK Silver Estimating Test Papers offer a convenient, rapid method for determiningexhaustion of the cartridge, as well as providing a very rough guide for determining theconcentration of silver in the solutions fed into the cartridge. The papers indicate by a change incolor the approximate concentration of silver in the solution. The test strips are not sufficientlysensitive, particularly at higher concentrations of silver, to serve as a substitute for chemicalanalysis.When records show that a cartridge is approaching the exhaustion point (after 100 or so gallonsof fixer have been passed through it), the waste solution going to the drain should be checkedperiodically for silver content. Merely dip a piece of test paper into the waste solution, shake thestrip to remove excess liquid, and lay it on a clean sheet of white paper. After about 15 seconds,match the color of the moistened test strip with that of one of the patches on the color chartpackaged with the test papers (under regular tungsten illumination). If the test indicates that thesolution contains as much as 1 gram of silver per litre (1/8 ounce per gallon), the cartridge isexhausted and should be replaced. The frequency of testing depends on the rate at which thefixer is replaced (high replenishment, several times a week). Experience has shown that becauseof processing variables, the test papers are a more accurate indicator of exhaustion than recordsof replenishment.The approximate concentration of silver in a used solution is also determined by dipping a teststrip into the solution and matching its color with that of a patch on the color chart. It is a simplematter to calculate the approximate yield of silver expected from a given quantity of solution.Radiography in Modern Industry 140
In summary, use of the test papers is recommended to make sure that the cartridges arereplaced at the proper time, that is, at the point of exhaustion.KODAK Pamphlet J-9, "Silver Recovery with the KODAK Chemical Recovery Cartridge, Type P"has full details on the installation and operation of this silver-recovery system. For moreinformation about silver recovery from used processing solutions, see KODAK Publication J-210,"Sources of Silver in Photographic Processing Facilities."Radiography in Modern Industry 141
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RadiographyinModernIndustry
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RadiographyinModernIndustryFOURTH E
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ContentsIntroduction...............
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Chapter 1: The Radiographic Process
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Intensifying ScreensX-ray and other
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makes it a very suitable material f
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Figure 6: Typical voltage waveforms
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Table I - Typical X-ray Machines an
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The wavelengths (or energies of rad
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Table III - Industrial Gamma-Ray So
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1. The source of light should be sm
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B and H in the Figure 13 show the e
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Figure 14: Geometric construction f
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Figure 17: Pinhole pictures of the
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The kilovoltage applied to the x-ra
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Figure 21: Schematic diagram of som
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kind of material radiographed, the
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instance, the kilovoltage may be fi
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The technique need not be limited t
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Chapter 5: Radiographic ScreensWhen
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Contact between the film and the le
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Figure 29: The number of electrons
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lead foil screens ran be retained w
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Figure 33: The sharpness of the rad
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Figure 34: Low density (right) is a
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such as a wall or floor, on the fil
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from this source. Since scatter als
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A filter reduces excessive subject
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Definite rules as to filter thickne
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0.010-inch front screen of value be
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Example: Suppose that with a given
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If the milliamperage remains consta
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espectively. In other words, a cons
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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where the slope of the characterist
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Figure 51: Characteristic curve of
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Nomogram MethodsIn Figure 54, the s
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Figure 56: Transparent overlay posi
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Figure 58: Overlay positioned so as
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The problem of radiographing a part
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
Page 89 and 90: Film contrast refers to the slope (
Page 91 and 92: Hole Type PenetrametersThe common p
Page 93 and 94: of the same thickness as the specim
Page 95 and 96: Chapter 9: Industrial X-ray FilmsMo
Page 97 and 98: Figure 70 indicates the direction t
Page 99 and 100: the lead letters on a radiation-abs
Page 101 and 102: Therefore, protection requirements
Page 103 and 104: 5. Avoid pressure damage caused by
Page 105 and 106: Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 107 and 108: slow, and the development time reco
Page 109 and 110: ubbles make their way to the surfac
Page 111 and 112: When development is complete, the f
Page 113 and 114: soften considerably with prolonged
Page 115 and 116: Figure 77: The roller transport sys
Page 117 and 118: Rapid Access to Processed Radiograp
Page 119 and 120: Figure 78: Film-feeding procedures
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 11: Process ControlUsers of
Page 123 and 124: 3. Age of the developer replenisher
Page 125 and 126: Figure 80: Control chart below for
Page 127 and 128: DiscussionDensitometric data and pr
Page 129 and 130: Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
Page 131 and 132: Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
Page 133 and 134: loading-bench activities are carrie
Page 135 and 136: KODAK Quinone-Thiosulfate Intensifi
Page 137 and 138: Methylene-Blue MethodTwo variations
Page 139: KODAK Hypo Test Solution HT-2Avoird
Page 143 and 144: narrow angle would be very thick, e
Page 145 and 146: When radiation passes through a spe
Page 147 and 148: Figure 89: Demonstration of the eff
Page 149 and 150: Figure 90: The amount of gamma radi
Page 151 and 152: The radiograph exposed in the right
Page 153 and 154: To illustrate, let us assume that t
Page 155 and 156: Figure 95: High-speed x-ray picture
Page 157 and 158: Figure 97: Two methods of neutron r
Page 159 and 160: Duplicating RadiographsSimultaneous
Page 161 and 162: Sometimes, as when sets of referenc
Page 163 and 164: PhotofluorographyIn photofluorograp
Page 165 and 166: discontinuities or of segregation i
Page 167 and 168: from the camera or by reaching down
Page 169 and 170: Figure 106: Schematic diagram of th
Page 171 and 172: valuable technique, for instance, i
Page 173 and 174: The position of the spots is determ
Page 175 and 176: Powder Diffraction File, Internatio
Page 177 and 178: Processing TechniquesRadiographs on
Page 179 and 180: Since this formula applies only to
Page 181 and 182: such that it does not distort the i
Page 183 and 184: Figure 113: A: Representation of a
Page 185 and 186: Figure 115: Characteristic curve of
Page 187 and 188: film fairly well. If high densities
Page 189 and 190: Density = 1.5 Density = 2.5Film Rel
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In most industrial radiography, the
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e noted here. Although the average
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Chapter 17: Film Graininess; Signal
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The ratio of signal to noise has a
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Chapter 18: The Photographic Latent
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Thus, the change that makes an expo
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Figure 130: Stages in the developme
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electrons by successive Compton int
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Development is essentially a chemic
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Chapter 19: ProtectionOne of the mo
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duct is brought into the x-ray room
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Radiography in Modern Industry - Kodak

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