Radiography in Modern Industry - Kodak

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Processing TanksProcessing the films, which involves the wet activities of developing, stopping, fixing, andwashing, should be carried out in an area separate from the loading bench. This arrangement isdesigned to avoid splashing solutions on screens, films, and loading areas and, in general, toprevent interference with loading-bench operations.The tanks must be constructed of a corrosion-resistant material. The majority are now beingfabricated of AISI Type 316 stainless steel with 2 to 3 percent of molybdenum. Special techniquesmust be employed in the fabrication of these tanks to avoid corrosion in the welded areas.The film capacity of the entire processing area is determined by the size of the insert tanks.Based on a 5-minute development time, a 5-gallon developer tank can handle 40 films an hourwith four hangers being handled simultaneously, and allowing for the time during which thehangers are removed and inserted in the stop bath. The capacity of the stop bath tank should beequal to that of the developer tank, and the fixer tank should be at least twice as large as thedeveloper tank. The washing tank should hold at least four times the number of hangersaccommodated in the developer tank.Film DryersOne of the important considerations in designing the processing area is the film dryer. It shouldbe fast-acting without overheating the film. Hot air, infrared, and desiccant dryers arecommercially available. Whenever possible, a filter should be inserted in the airtake. This may,however, create such a resistance to the airflow as to require a fan of larger capacity than wouldbe needed without the filter. A removable drip pan beneath each film compartment or drawer isuseful as an aid in keeping the dryer clean. As a precaution, heating elements should beconnected in the fan circuit so that heat cannot be turned on without turning on the fan.Automated ProcessingThe chief difference between processing rooms for manual and automated processing is theabsence of the space-consuming processing tanks. The only part of the automated processorthat need be in the processing room is the film-feeding station, and this is quite small. The planscan follow the general form of Figure 83. Note the provision in the outer (light) room for mixingand storing processing chemicals and washing processor components.In planning a new processing room for an automated processor, early consideration should begiven to providing the water, electrical, drainage, and exhaust facilities required by the processor.Radiography in Modern Industry 130
Figure 83: A schematic diagram of an automated processing darkroom and adjacent lightroomarea.General ConsiderationsThere are a number of considerations that apply to all processing rooms, whether for manual orautomatic processing.EntrancesThree general types of entrances are used for the processing room: The single door, the light lock(double or revolving doors), and the labyrinth or maze. The single door is shown in the figureimmediately above and a double-door light lock in the figure way above.Radiography in Modern Industry 131
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RadiographyinModernIndustry
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RadiographyinModernIndustryFOURTH E
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ContentsIntroduction...............
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Chapter 1: The Radiographic Process
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Intensifying ScreensX-ray and other
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makes it a very suitable material f
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Figure 6: Typical voltage waveforms
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Table I - Typical X-ray Machines an
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The wavelengths (or energies of rad
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Table III - Industrial Gamma-Ray So
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1. The source of light should be sm
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B and H in the Figure 13 show the e
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Figure 14: Geometric construction f
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Figure 17: Pinhole pictures of the
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The kilovoltage applied to the x-ra
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Figure 21: Schematic diagram of som
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kind of material radiographed, the
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instance, the kilovoltage may be fi
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The technique need not be limited t
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Chapter 5: Radiographic ScreensWhen
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Contact between the film and the le
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Figure 29: The number of electrons
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lead foil screens ran be retained w
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Figure 33: The sharpness of the rad
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Figure 34: Low density (right) is a
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such as a wall or floor, on the fil
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from this source. Since scatter als
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A filter reduces excessive subject
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Definite rules as to filter thickne
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0.010-inch front screen of value be
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Example: Suppose that with a given
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If the milliamperage remains consta
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espectively. In other words, a cons
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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where the slope of the characterist
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Figure 51: Characteristic curve of
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Nomogram MethodsIn Figure 54, the s
Page 79 and 80: Figure 56: Transparent overlay posi
Page 81 and 82: Figure 58: Overlay positioned so as
Page 83 and 84: The problem of radiographing a part
Page 85 and 86: Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
Page 89 and 90: Film contrast refers to the slope (
Page 91 and 92: Hole Type PenetrametersThe common p
Page 93 and 94: of the same thickness as the specim
Page 95 and 96: Chapter 9: Industrial X-ray FilmsMo
Page 97 and 98: Figure 70 indicates the direction t
Page 99 and 100: the lead letters on a radiation-abs
Page 101 and 102: Therefore, protection requirements
Page 103 and 104: 5. Avoid pressure damage caused by
Page 105 and 106: Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 107 and 108: slow, and the development time reco
Page 109 and 110: ubbles make their way to the surfac
Page 111 and 112: When development is complete, the f
Page 113 and 114: soften considerably with prolonged
Page 115 and 116: Figure 77: The roller transport sys
Page 117 and 118: Rapid Access to Processed Radiograp
Page 119 and 120: Figure 78: Film-feeding procedures
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 11: Process ControlUsers of
Page 123 and 124: 3. Age of the developer replenisher
Page 125 and 126: Figure 80: Control chart below for
Page 127 and 128: DiscussionDensitometric data and pr
Page 129: Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
Page 133 and 134: loading-bench activities are carrie
Page 135 and 136: KODAK Quinone-Thiosulfate Intensifi
Page 137 and 138: Methylene-Blue MethodTwo variations
Page 139 and 140: KODAK Hypo Test Solution HT-2Avoird
Page 141 and 142: In summary, use of the test papers
Page 143 and 144: narrow angle would be very thick, e
Page 145 and 146: When radiation passes through a spe
Page 147 and 148: Figure 89: Demonstration of the eff
Page 149 and 150: Figure 90: The amount of gamma radi
Page 151 and 152: The radiograph exposed in the right
Page 153 and 154: To illustrate, let us assume that t
Page 155 and 156: Figure 95: High-speed x-ray picture
Page 157 and 158: Figure 97: Two methods of neutron r
Page 159 and 160: Duplicating RadiographsSimultaneous
Page 161 and 162: Sometimes, as when sets of referenc
Page 163 and 164: PhotofluorographyIn photofluorograp
Page 165 and 166: discontinuities or of segregation i
Page 167 and 168: from the camera or by reaching down
Page 169 and 170: Figure 106: Schematic diagram of th
Page 171 and 172: valuable technique, for instance, i
Page 173 and 174: The position of the spots is determ
Page 175 and 176: Powder Diffraction File, Internatio
Page 177 and 178: Processing TechniquesRadiographs on
Page 179 and 180: Since this formula applies only to
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such that it does not distort the i
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Figure 113: A: Representation of a
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Figure 115: Characteristic curve of
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film fairly well. If high densities
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Density = 1.5 Density = 2.5Film Rel
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In most industrial radiography, the
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e noted here. Although the average
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Chapter 17: Film Graininess; Signal
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The ratio of signal to noise has a
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Chapter 18: The Photographic Latent
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Thus, the change that makes an expo
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Figure 130: Stages in the developme
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electrons by successive Compton int
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Development is essentially a chemic
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Chapter 19: ProtectionOne of the mo
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duct is brought into the x-ray room
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Radiography in Modern Industry - Kodak

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