- Page 1 and 2: RadiographyinModernIndustry
- Page 3 and 4: RadiographyinModernIndustryFOURTH E
- Page 5 and 6: ContentsIntroduction...............
- Page 7 and 8: Chapter 1: The Radiographic Process
- Page 9 and 10: Intensifying ScreensX-ray and other
- Page 11 and 12: makes it a very suitable material f
- Page 13 and 14: Figure 6: Typical voltage waveforms
- Page 15 and 16: Table I - Typical X-ray Machines an
- Page 17 and 18: The wavelengths (or energies of rad
- Page 19 and 20: Table III - Industrial Gamma-Ray So
- Page 21 and 22: 1. The source of light should be sm
- Page 23: B and H in the Figure 13 show the e
- Page 27 and 28: Figure 17: Pinhole pictures of the
- Page 29 and 30: The kilovoltage applied to the x-ra
- Page 31 and 32: Figure 21: Schematic diagram of som
- Page 33 and 34: kind of material radiographed, the
- Page 35 and 36: instance, the kilovoltage may be fi
- Page 37 and 38: The technique need not be limited t
- Page 39 and 40: Chapter 5: Radiographic ScreensWhen
- Page 41 and 42: Contact between the film and the le
- Page 43 and 44: Figure 29: The number of electrons
- Page 45 and 46: lead foil screens ran be retained w
- Page 47 and 48: Figure 33: The sharpness of the rad
- Page 49 and 50: Figure 34: Low density (right) is a
- Page 51 and 52: such as a wall or floor, on the fil
- Page 53 and 54: from this source. Since scatter als
- Page 55 and 56: A filter reduces excessive subject
- Page 57 and 58: Definite rules as to filter thickne
- Page 59 and 60: 0.010-inch front screen of value be
- Page 61 and 62: Example: Suppose that with a given
- Page 63 and 64: If the milliamperage remains consta
- Page 65 and 66: espectively. In other words, a cons
- Page 67 and 68: Any given exposure chart applies to
- Page 69 and 70: Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
- Page 71 and 72: where the slope of the characterist
- Page 73 and 74: Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Figure 51: Characteristic curve of
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Nomogram MethodsIn Figure 54, the s
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Figure 56: Transparent overlay posi
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Figure 58: Overlay positioned so as
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The problem of radiographing a part
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Film contrast refers to the slope (
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Hole Type PenetrametersThe common p
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of the same thickness as the specim
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Chapter 9: Industrial X-ray FilmsMo
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Figure 70 indicates the direction t
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the lead letters on a radiation-abs
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Therefore, protection requirements
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5. Avoid pressure damage caused by
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Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
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slow, and the development time reco
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ubbles make their way to the surfac
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When development is complete, the f
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soften considerably with prolonged
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Figure 77: The roller transport sys
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Rapid Access to Processed Radiograp
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Figure 78: Film-feeding procedures
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Chapter 11: Process ControlUsers of
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3. Age of the developer replenisher
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Figure 80: Control chart below for
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DiscussionDensitometric data and pr
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Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
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Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
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loading-bench activities are carrie
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KODAK Quinone-Thiosulfate Intensifi
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Methylene-Blue MethodTwo variations
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KODAK Hypo Test Solution HT-2Avoird
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In summary, use of the test papers
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narrow angle would be very thick, e
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When radiation passes through a spe
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Figure 89: Demonstration of the eff
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Figure 90: The amount of gamma radi
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The radiograph exposed in the right
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To illustrate, let us assume that t
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Figure 95: High-speed x-ray picture
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Figure 97: Two methods of neutron r
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Duplicating RadiographsSimultaneous
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Sometimes, as when sets of referenc
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PhotofluorographyIn photofluorograp
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discontinuities or of segregation i
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from the camera or by reaching down
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Figure 106: Schematic diagram of th
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valuable technique, for instance, i
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The position of the spots is determ
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Powder Diffraction File, Internatio
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Processing TechniquesRadiographs on
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Since this formula applies only to
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such that it does not distort the i
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Figure 113: A: Representation of a
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Figure 115: Characteristic curve of
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film fairly well. If high densities
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Density = 1.5 Density = 2.5Film Rel
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In most industrial radiography, the
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e noted here. Although the average
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Chapter 17: Film Graininess; Signal
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The ratio of signal to noise has a
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Chapter 18: The Photographic Latent
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Thus, the change that makes an expo
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Figure 130: Stages in the developme
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electrons by successive Compton int
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Development is essentially a chemic
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Chapter 19: ProtectionOne of the mo
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duct is brought into the x-ray room