Volume 2: Draft Gorst Planned Action Environmental Impact Statement

GORST PLANNED ACTION EIS | AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT, SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION MEASURESAmes and Maschner (1999) to help describe patterns in precontact cultural developments in the Puget Soundregion. The sequence includes five periods, which are briefly summarized below:• Paleo-Indian (prior to 12,500 years ago). Characterized by sparse and highly mobile groups that primarily usedterrestrial resources. Assemblages include large stone bifaces and bone technology.• Archaic (12,500 to 6,400 years ago). Characterized by generalized resource use. Assemblages include leafshapedbifaces, cobble and cobble-flake tools, bone tools, thin shell midden and faunal remains along coastalareas, and an absence of faunal remains in upland areas.• Early Pacific (6,400 to 3,800 years ago). Characterized by increased sedentism, expanded use of intertidalresources, and increased dependence on bone and antler tools. Assemblages include bone points, barbs, andharpoons, ground stone points and celts, and extensive shell middens.• Middle Pacific (3,800 to 1,800–1,500 years ago). Characterized by the first evidence of permanent socialinequality, as well as a shifting emphasis to storage-based economy, intensification of salmon fishing, increasein the variety of bone and antler tools, and near-modern art styling. Assemblages include artifacts from theEarly Pacific period, as well as plank house remains, wooden boxes, toggling harpoons, fish hooks, and fishrakes.• Late Pacific (1,800–1,500 to around 225 years ago). Characterized by the emergence of extremely largehouses, heavy-duty woodworking tools, and a decreased reliance on chipped stone tools.The first widely accepted evidence of human occupation of the Puget Sound region comes in the form of largefluted stone bifaces, identified as Clovis technology. This technology has been dated to between 13,300 and12,800 years ago across North America (Waters and Stafford 2007), but has not been found in datable contexts inthe Puget Sound. It is commonly thought that this technology was used by highly mobile foragers (Bonnichsen andTurnmire 1991; Waguespack and Surovell 2003). Although widespread, artifacts attributed to Clovis occupation ofthe Puget Sound are rare and commonly recorded as isolated finds on upland terraces associated with peatdeposits (Williams et al. 2008). Near the project vicinity, one Clovis-style isolate has been identified on the KitsapPeninsula near Port Orchard (Stein et al. 2004), and another was identified near Waughop Lake (Avey 1991:15–18).Archaeological sites attributed to the Archaic and Early Pacific periods are most commonly situated on uplandplains with very few coastal sites from this period. Throughout the Puget Sound region, sites with heavilyweathered basalt flakes, cores, and lanceolate, or Cascade-style bifaces, are commonly assigned to the Archaic andEarly Pacific periods. Based on well-dated stylistic comparison of bifaces from the Glenrose Cannery site in BritishColumbia, Nelson (1990) suggests that these upland sites are comparable in age and date between 10,000 and6,000 years ago. However, several investigators have noted that leaf-shaped points are found in a variety of welldatedcontexts that range from 9,950 to 2,260 years in age (Blukis Onat et al. 2001; Greengo and Houston 1970;Shong et al. 2007). Upland archaeological sites tend to consist of scatters of lithic materials at or just below theground surface, rarely contain organic materials such as charcoal and bone, and tend to show signs of disturbancefrom bioturbation (Kiers and Blukis Onat 2008).Archaeological sites situated along the coastal margin and in riverine settings become increasingly prevalent duringthe Middle Pacific period, although the highest frequency of known coastal sites have been dated to the LatePacific period. Accumulations of shell and bone (termed shell middens), technological innovation andintensification in the form of increasingly complex composite food-procurement technology (e.g., togglingharpoons, fish weirs), greater numbers of groundstone artifacts, as well as large wooden plank houses appearduring these periods. These periods are also characterized by increased warfare and interpersonal violence asevidenced by physical trauma indicators observed in burials from this time (Ames and Maschner 1999). Analysis offaunal remains from archaeological sites dated to these periods indicates that salmon were an important,consistently exploited, resource in the region (Butler and Campbell 2004). Several coastal archaeological sites arelocated along the shoreline of Quartermaster Harbor in the vicinity of the APE (J. Stein 2002).Draft | June 2013 3-132