islamic-jihad-legacy-of-forced-conversion-imperialism-slavery

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Propagation of Islam: By Force or Peacefully?what is now Kerala, in 629 AD. Interestingly, Prophet Mohammed was alive at that time and thismosque in India would probably have been one of the first few mosques in the world, thushighlighting the presence of Islam in India long before the Muslim invaders arrived.In 916–17, renowned Muslim traveler and chronicler Al-Masudi ‘described a settlement in Chaul (twenty-fivemiles south of modern Bombay) of tens of thousands of Muslims whose ancestors had come from Arabia andIraq to engage in the pepper and spice trade. This settlement, granted a degree of political autonomy by thelocal raja, was composed mainly of Arabs who had been born in Chaul and had intermarried considerablywith the local population.’ 299Obviously, Muslim traders arrived in India long before the Muslim invaders started digging their feetin Sindh in 712. Based on such examples, it is claimed that these traders—not the Muslim invaders andwarriors—spread Islam in India and many other places. Malaysia, Indonesia, Southern Philippines andSouthern Thailand in Southeast Asia have emerged as the ideal example of the propagation of Islam throughthis mode. To negate the use of force in the conversion of non-Muslims to Islam, Zakir Naik asks, ‘Indonesiais a country that has the maximum number of Muslims in the world. The majority of people in Malaysia areMuslims. May one ask, ‘Which Muslim army went to Indonesia and Malaysia?’’ And the reply comes: ‘Theruler’s back then volunteered in submitting to present-day religion (i.e., Islam) from traders of the silk routeand maritime route’ (personal communication). Daniel Pipes answers Naik’s question as thus: ‘Dar al-Islamalso expanded peacefully when kings converted; for example, Parameswara, the ruler of Malacca in 1410and thereafter his city was the major center of Islam in Southeast Asia.’ 300 Similarly, Arab League SecretaryGeneral Abdel Khalek Hassouna asserted (1968): ‘Islam spread to China, Malaysia, Indonesia and thePhilippines without fighting.’ 301Indonesian historian Raden Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo notes on the conversion of non-Muslims toIslam in Indonesia that,‘In the whole history of the conversion of Indonesia, there was no trace of any outward force.For the Holy War is not the only way to spread the true religion. According to the theory, it isonly allowed to resort to the use of force, when exhortation and preaching have proved to be invain.’ 302Widjojoatmodjo is honest in agreeing that the use of force in the form of "Holy War" for conversion issanctioned in Islam, but sees no evidence of its use in Indonesia. He is, however, candid that it would havebeen applied had the infidels of Indonesian Archipelago resisted the persuasive means of conversion.During the thirteenth to fifteenth century, prior to the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia, there werethree powerful kingdoms in the region: Srivijaya (Malaysia), Majapahit (Indonesian archipelago) and Siam(Thailand). The people followed a syncretic religion: a mix of Hinduism, Buddhism and Animism. Islamappeared to have established contact with Indonesia as early as at the time of third Caliph Othman (d. 656)through Muslim traders on their way, via sea-route, to China. Later on, Muslim traders became more involvedin trades in the Sumatran trading ports in Srivijaya between 904 and the mid-twelfth century. After Islamestablished itself in India, Muslim traders came in increasing numbers from Indian costal ports of Gujarat,Bengal and South India and also some from China. These Muslim traders, who always carried religiousmission with them, settled in the coastal port-cities, namely Malacca and Samudra or Pasai (in Aceh, Java) inNorthern Sumatra. They intermarried with the local infidel women creating Muslim communities. Muslimtraders, likely settled in the region in the early tenth century, had established notable presence in Northern299. Eaton (1978), p. 13300. Pipes (1983), p. 73301. Waddy, p. 187302. Widjojoatmodjo RA (1942) Islam in the Netherlands East Indies, in The Far Eastern Quarterly, 2 (1), p. 51100
Islamic JihadSumatra toward the end of the thirteenth century. By this time, they had established two small city kingdoms:one at Samudra (Pasai) and another at Perlak in the Indonesian archipelago. Ibn Battutah visited the Muslimcity-kingdom of Samudra in 1345–46.Until this point in time, the local infidels, it seems, did not converted to Islam in significant numbers.Muslims, exploiting the liberal and tolerant local culture, engaged in intermarriages with the local women,and with the offspring, slowly built up their communities. In three to four centuries, they were numerousenough to found small Muslim city-kingdoms, namely in Samudra and Perlak. And soon, they were wagingbrutal Jihad against the surrounding infidels. After visiting the Sultanate of Samudra, Ibn Battutah noted thatthe reigning Sultan al-Malik az-Zahir was a "most illustrious and opened-handed ruler". It is because,He was constantly engaged in warring for the Faith (Jihad against the infidels) and in raidingexpeditions… His subjects also take a pleasure in warring for the Faith and voluntarilyaccompany him on his expeditions. They have the upper hand over all the infidels in theirvicinity, who pay them poll-tax to secure peace. 303Still until the end of the fourteenth century, Islam had achieved very little success in converting the infidelsand had its presence only in small isolated pockets. That was going to change dramatically with theconversion of King Parameswara of Srivijaya through a deceptive ploy. Parameswara ruled from Palembang.The Srivijaya kingdom was in decline at the time and Majapahit had become its overlord. Because of adispute with the Majapahit ruler, he was forced to shift his capital from Palembang to safer Temasek Island(Singapore). In a skirmish with the forces of Majapahit, Parameswara killed prince Temagi of Siam, ally ofMajapahit. The angered Siamese king, allied with Majapahit, waged a string of battles against Srivijaya in anattempt to capture and kill Parameswara. Parameswara retreated and fled from Temasek Island: first to Muar,then to Malacca, making the latter his new capital in 1402.By this time, Muslims, settled centuries ago, had a significant presence in the port city of Malacca.Mainly merchants in profession, they were crucial for Malacca’s flourishing trade with India. Muslims,therefore, received welcome in Parameswara’s court and slowly increased their presence in his court andinfluence on his political fortune. Muslims were drafted into his army and he was becoming increasinglydependent on them to stave off attacks from Siam and Majapahit. About this time, the Muslim advisors ofParameswara offered to send in more Muslim soldiers to fight on his side, if he would convert to Islam.Parameswara rejected the offer. As his struggle with his sworn enemies continued over the succeeding years,his position became increasingly precarious.At this juncture, the Arab merchants presented him with a damsel from Pasai of mix breed, born of amarriage between her Arab father and Indonesian mother. She was a maiden of great beauty. Parameswarafell in love with the beautiful slave-girl and she became pregnant in his harem. Childless Parameswara hadbeen longing for an heir to his kingdom. When he proposed to marry the damsel to make the child a legitimateheir, she insisted that he must convert to Islam prior to marrying her. With his increasingly weakened andprecarious position needing the support of Muslim soldiers, compounded by his desperate desire for an heir,Parameswara eventually agreed. He converted to Islam and brought her to the palace as a legitimate queen.Malacca Sultanate and the intensification of Jihad: After embracing Islam in 1410, Parameswaratransformed the Hindu kingdom of Srivijaya into a Muslim Sultanate—the Sultanate of Malacca, and assumedthe title of Sultan Iskandar Shah. After his conversion, his half-Muslim Queen and Muslim soldiers andcourtiers transformed him into a strict Muslim. Ma Huan, a Chinese Muslim, visited Sultan Iskandar Shah in1414 as a Secretary Dragoman of an envoy of Chinese Emperor Yung Lo. He found the Sultan was already a"very strict believer in the faith". 304303. Gibb, p. 274304. Widjojoatmodjo, p. 49101
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ISLAMICJIHADA Legacy of Forced Conv
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Based on meticulous investigation o
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Islamic JihadPrefaceI was born and
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ContentsChapter I .................
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Islamic JihadOn Education and learn
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Jihad: The Controversies2-young Mus
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Jihad: The Controversies2-As violen
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3-Basic Beliefs in IslamIslam is ba
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3-Basic Beliefs in IslamDuring the
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Life of Prophet Muhammad and the Bi
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Page 62 and 63: Life of Prophet Muhammad and the Bi
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Page 127 and 128: Islamic Jihada big chunk of its cro
Page 129 and 130: Islamic Jihadequality of men, justi
Page 131 and 132: Islamic Jihadon to say, it was only
Page 133 and 134: Islamic Jihadland-tax (kharaj) fixe
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Page 137 and 138: Islamic Jihadbecame Buddhists; in C
Page 139 and 140: Islamic JihadMuslims, by converting
Page 141 and 142: Islamic JihadLikewise, the Arab Chr
Page 143 and 144: Islamic Jihad1. Did Arabs and their
Page 145 and 146: Islamic Jihadboast of enriching Ind
Page 147 and 148: Islamic JihadSavages at a very low
Page 149 and 150: Islamic Jihadobsession for white wo
Page 151 and 152: Islamic Jihadraised revolts. It has
Page 153 and 154: Islamic Jihadimperialist. Although,
Page 155 and 156: Islamic Jihadhas caused devastating
Page 157 and 158: Chapter VIIslamic Imperialism in In
Page 159 and 160: Islamic Jihadlaments Ibn Warraq. Fo
Page 161 and 162: Islamic Jihadbeasts of prey. The tr
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Islamic Jihad4. Aurangzeb proceeded
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Islamic Jihadlarge numbers as a res
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Islamic JihadTo their credit, the I
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Islamic JihadWhereas among other na
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Islamic JihadIt is an extremely sig
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Islamic Jihadfound it ‘‘large a
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Islamic Jihadorthodox Hindu—Shiva
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Islamic JihadThe claim that a utopi
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Islamic JihadThe Sepoy Mutiny, in a
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Islamic JihadBritish Empire, the fo
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Islamic Jihadoutbreaks of religious
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Islamic Jihadthat mere threats will
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Islamic Jihadstarted by the support
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Islamic Jihaddays (of Islam in Arab
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Islamic JihadIn the towns and villa
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Islamic Jihadthe Police Station was
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Islamic Jihadrenewed, intensified v
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Islamic Jihadcases more than 85 per
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Islamic Jihadsciences and learning
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Islamic Jihadold environment, which
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Islamic Jihadeight more plundering
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Islamic Jihadcarried the heads of t
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Islamic JihadNo doubt there was som
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Islamic Jihadeconomic exploitation.
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Islamic Jihadrule, kind-hearted Jah
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Islamic JihadThe negative impact of
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Islamic Slaverybeings as a commodit
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Islamic SlaveryTHE PROPHETIC MODEL
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Islamic SlaveryAncient China. In an
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Islamic SlaveryDuring 715 to 1000 C
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Islamic SlaveryBihar, brought away
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Islamic Slaveryand marry them off d
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Islamic Slaverysuggest that the ens
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Islamic Slaveryten. In the assault
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Islamic Slavery‘The renowned king
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Islamic Slaverywomen and children,
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Islamic SlaveryThis is only an acco
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Islamic Slavery‘‘had her washed
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Islamic Slaveryattention, it killed
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Islamic Slavery85) built the famous
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Islamic Slaveryenslaved, but quite
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Islamic SlaveryEmployment in palace
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Islamic SlaveryTwo categories of wo
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Islamic Slavery‘‘I found myself
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Islamic SlaveryIt is noted already
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Islamic SlaveryAfter direct Muslim
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Islamic SlaveryAkbar were men of fo
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Islamic SlaveryThe most famous Euro
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Islamic SlaveryEUROPEAN SLAVE-TRADE
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Islamic Slaveryworld that continued
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Islamic SlaveryHumane treatment of
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Islamic Slaveryuntil the end of the
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Islamic Slaverybetween one and two
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Islamic Slaverythe death of 7,600 C
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Islamic SlaveryDisheartened by the
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Islamic Slaverydiplomatic duty in P
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Islamic Slaverynext morning, the ci
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Islamic SlaverySri Lanka, Egypt and
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Islamic SlaveryThree members of the
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The Last WordBeginning at the time
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The Last WordWe said (to non-Muslim
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The Last Word• Elst K (1993) Nega
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The Last Word• Rizvi SAA (1978) A
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IndexAmorium, 217, 241Amr, 28, 41,
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IndexHolocaust, 35Hubal, 10Hudaybiy
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IndexPhilippines, 100, 102, 103, 10
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islamic-jihad-legacy-of-forced-conversion-imperialism-slavery

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