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analysis, text analysis, and case studies (life histories) are primarily of acontextual nature — interpretative, descriptive, and exploratory.Bearing these distinctions in mind, it is possible to classify research designs inthe following manner: (We consistently use the most prototypicalcategorization of a research design. More variations are obviously possiblethan are indicated in the table.)TABLE 5.1COLLECTION OF NEW DATAANALYSIS OF EXISTING DATAFree download from www.hsrcpress.ac.zaRESEARCHSTRATEGYGENERALINTERESTCONTEXT-TUALINTERESTRESEARCHGOALEXPLANATORYDESCRIPTIVEEXPLORATORYEXPLANATORY(VERSTEHEN)DESCRIPTIVEEXPLORATORYEXPERIMENTAL and QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS(Emphasis on experimental control,structured direct & indirectobservation)SURVEY DESIGNS (Emphasis onstructured indirect observation,questionnaires & interviews)SURVEY DESIGNS(pilot studies)Suggestions for further readingHELD DESIGNS orENTHNOGRAPHIC DESIGNS(Emphasis on unstructured direct andindirect observation)FIELD DESIGNS or ETHNO-GRAPHIC DESIGNS (Emphasis onthe use of informants, elite figures)(1) SECONDARY ANALYSIS —census data(2) QUANTITATIVE CONTENTANALYSIS — newspaperreports, speeches, etc.(1) QUALITATIVE CONTENTANALYSIS OR DISCOURSE/ASSERTION ANALYSIS(2) HISTORICAL ANALYSIS(What was the cause of x?)(1) QUALITATIVE CONTENTANALYSIS or DISCOURSEANALYSIS(2) HISTORICAL ANALYSIS(What happened?)1. Two books on informal logic in which central concepts such as argument,evidence, inference, and others are treated in an elementary fashion, arethose by Wright (1982) and by Scriven (1976). Similarly, the book bySalmon (1973) is an elementary introduction to logic.122
2. The first comprehensive discussion of the concept external validity andthreats to external validity appeared in Campbell and Stanley (1963).Cook and Campbell (1979) subsequently presented a more detaileddiscussion. Good discussions of this concept may also be found in Smith(1975) and in Denzin (1978).3. For a general introduction to different types of research designs thefollowing texts may be consulted: Bogue (1981), Drew (1980), Kazdin(1980), Leedy (1980), Nesselroade and Bakes (1979), Selltiz et al. (1965),Smith (1975), and Spector (1981). A few of the texts that are available onthe topic of experimental design are: Chapin (1974), Christensen (1980),Das (1979), Finney (1974), Keppel (1973), and Myers (1979).Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za123
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HSRC SERIES IN METHODOLOGYSeries Ed
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All rights reserved. No part of thi
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PART 3Appendix 1M Ferreira — A so
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Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac
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important methods of operationalizi
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Introduction: The scientific langua
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inevitably be found in the discipli
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At the project level, three general
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FIGURE 1.3Free download from www.hs
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context of a particular research tr
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Introduction: Social sciences resea
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all the factors which may pose a th
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(3) Conceptualization and operation
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negative influence on the person’
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CONDITIONS ORIENTATIONS ACTIONSINDI
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to indicate a causal relationship b
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flict with a point of view in which
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Our discussion of problem formulati
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IntroductionConcept and meaningConc
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ductivism, refers to the belief tha
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Social isolation1. Sometimes I feel
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manifestations of alienation, it ou
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Page 168 and 169: IntroductionThe spectrum of the soc
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Goals of this chapterIntroductory r
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is written, the wise researcher wou
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Some of the characteristics that ar
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falls within more than one discipli
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earlier on. The aim of the project,
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Example 3Title of projectAtlas of l
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IntroductionThe context of reportin
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METATHEORETICAL GUIDEIINESIt is gen
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the researcher’s views, insuffici
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Suggestions for further reading:Bes
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2. THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONMedical s
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particular outpatient centre experi
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3. METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGYSymbolic
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the organisation). Secondly, a larg
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tations of the subjects; it is conc
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Although costly, videotaping of the
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16. First half of 1981.17. Gold (19
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2. How is value-orientation defined
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in practice. In contrast, pragmatis
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ian style of management result in l
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Quality of supervision of stoping g
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TABLE IIIANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR M
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FIGURE 2 — SECOND ORDER INTERACTI
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A further consideration in the choi
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gangs with supervision that was ass
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percentage of transfers not being m
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for all the relevant factors. Discu
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WHITE, V.P. (ed.). 1983. Grant prop
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connotation 58ff, 126ff- convention
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hermeneutics 21heuristic function,
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Naive inductivism 57naturalistic re
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esearcher image 82-83researcher ori
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