Download - HSRC Press

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.zaINDIVIDUALISM (ISa) vs. COLLECTIVISM (ISz)PLURALISM (PSa) vs. UNIFORMITY (PSz)TRANSCENDENTALISM (ASa) vs. SECULARISM (ASz)INTERDEPENDENCE (GSa) vs. AUTONOMY (GSz)The dimension of social Movement refers to people’s mutual acceptance/ nonacceptance.Transposed to the level of value orientations, this dimensiondemands principles or conceptions of desirability to give direction in these,essentially, sociometric choices. Four dichotomies and 8 unitary valueorientations relevant to social Movement can be distinguished:ASCRIPTION (IMa) vs. ACHIEVEMENT (IMz)TOLERANCE (PMa) vs. CONFORMITY (PMz)PARTICULARISM (AMa) vs. UNIVERSALISM (AMz)IDEALISM (GMa) vs. PRAGMATISM (GMz)The dimension of social Involvement refers to energy output or a passive/activeorientation in social engagements. Four dichotomies and 8 unitary valueorientations relevant to social Involvement are distinguished:DISCIPLINE (IIna) vs. SATISFACTION-OF-SELF (IInz)PERFECTIONISM (PIna) vs. INDIFFERENCE (PInz)DILIGENCE (AIna) vs. CAREFREENESS (AInz)PLANNING (GIna) vs. LAISSEZ-FAIRE (GInz)The paradigm shows the location of 16 dichotomies and 32 unitary valueorientations within the entire field, derived by the logical intersection of thefour problem complexes and the four dimensions of social engagement.It must be stated explicitly that we do not make any assumptions about theinter-connectedness of the respective dichotomies or unitary value orientations.Patterns of value orientations have to be determined empirically.The definitions of value orientations (28) are formulated in strict accordancewith the conceptual content given to problem complexes and dimensions ofsocial engagement. Dictionary and conventional definitions of the terms wehave chosen are not really relevant. The connotations of the terms remaindependent on the theoretical context based on the three theoretical principles.4. Levels of abstraction in value orientationsThe problem of the level of abstraction stated at the beginning of the previousparagraph, can now be given attention. The question is this: for what range ofaction and relations is a particular value orientation a generalized conception ofwhat is desirable? The work of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (5) and NeilSmelser (29) is not only relevant to this question but of great help. Ifacquaintance with these publications can be taken for granted, the following230
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.zageneralizations concerning the level of abstraction of the proposed typology,should be intelligible.We view the 32 unitary value orientations as relevant to all spheres of socialaction, and the developed typology as applicable to all societies, irrespective oftheir social and cultural differences — as Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck do withregard to the value orientations that they distinguish. In terms of Smelser’slevels of specificity, the proposed typology can be said to represent ‘societalvalues’. Smelser’s second level of specificity is that of institutional sectors orspheres. We are aware that T. Parsons has suggested that there is a more directrelation between particular institutional complexes and particular functions,between e.g. politics and Goal Achievement, economy and Adaptation, etc. Wewould, however, not advise for these correlations to be taken to extremes. Ourtypology is definitely applicable to a particular institutional complex but wewould insist that all four problem complexes and all tour dimensions ofengagement remain valid and relevant, which means that to any oneinstitutional complex all of the 32 unitary value orientations apply, or, aretheoretically possible.There can, furthermore, be no objection to any attempt to apply the developedtypology to the more specific levels differentiated within the value componentof action as given by Smelser. The validity and meaningfulness of the typologyfor collectivities of varying range (societies, communities, groups, etc.) are notproblematical, at least not logically or theoretically so, if the unitary valueorientations are indexed or operationalized in the form of value statements towhich individuals have to react. I have developed such a test containing 64value statements and first results have brought relative assurance on themeaningfulness of the typology as well as the practicality of using valuestatements in questionnaires.Further remarks on the empirical identification or measurement of valueorientations would take us beyond the intended scope of this paper. One lastpoint is, however, in order: if the technique of reaction to value statements isused, the content of these statements obviously have to be adjusted to (i) thelevel of specificity (society, institutional complex, etc.), (ii) the range of thecollectivities in which individuals are questioned (society, community, group,organization), (iii) the sociocultural patterns — it would obviously not do tohave statements referring to social situations and cultural items that none orfew of the respondents have experienced, and (iv) the educational status of therespondents.QUESTIONS1. How does the author justify his attempt at constructing yet anothertypology of value-orientations?231
Page 2 and 3:
HSRC SERIES IN METHODOLOGYSeries Ed
Page 4 and 5:
All rights reserved. No part of thi
Page 6 and 7:
PART 3Appendix 1M Ferreira — A so
Page 8 and 9:
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac
Page 10 and 11:
important methods of operationalizi
Page 12 and 13:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Introduction: The scientific langua
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
inevitably be found in the discipli
Page 36 and 37:
At the project level, three general
Page 38 and 39:
FIGURE 1.3Free download from www.hs
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
context of a particular research tr
Page 44 and 45:
Introduction: Social sciences resea
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
all the factors which may pose a th
Page 50 and 51:
(3) Conceptualization and operation
Page 52 and 53:
negative influence on the person’
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
CONDITIONS ORIENTATIONS ACTIONSINDI
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
to indicate a causal relationship b
Page 64 and 65:
flict with a point of view in which
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Our discussion of problem formulati
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
IntroductionConcept and meaningConc
Page 74 and 75:
ductivism, refers to the belief tha
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Social isolation1. Sometimes I feel
Page 84 and 85:
manifestations of alienation, it ou
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
found between theoretical and conce
Page 90 and 91:
IntroductionSources of data, reacti
Page 92 and 93:
that they have tradition, culture,
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
categories. Finally, the research c
Page 98 and 99:
affiliation, or presumed affiliatio
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
pectancy effects was conducted by R
Page 104 and 105:
ticipant’s perception of his or h
Page 106 and 107:
(v) Questionnaire length effects(vi
Page 108 and 109:
We have, in an earlier section, dra
Page 110 and 111:
example of the double blind experim
Page 112 and 113:
CONSTRUCTIVE REPLICATIONIn conclusi
Page 114 and 115:
IntroductionAn example: The Reiger
Page 116 and 117:
Coloured youths were fatally wounde
Page 118 and 119:
ehaving violently towards some of t
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
multivariate techniques are much mo
Page 124 and 125:
tial validity. A closer inspection
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
validity (as a rule we will not use
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
CONTEXT EFFECTSIs it reasonable to
Page 138 and 139:
analysis, text analysis, and case s
Page 140 and 141:
IntroductionConceptsStatementsConno
Page 142 and 143:
The schematic representation also g
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
DICHOTOMOUS, POLYTOMIC AND CONTINUO
Page 148 and 149:
People therefore, depending upon th
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
higher than the mean scores on meth
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Source ofinformation Sender Recipie
Page 158 and 159:
of the modellandum which are deemed
Page 160 and 161:
phenomena or variables and, for thi
Page 162 and 163:
i.e. from a collection of mutually
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
system, the Aristotelian theory of
Page 168 and 169:
IntroductionThe spectrum of the soc
Page 170 and 171:
• How do scientist study underlyi
Page 172 and 173:
the scope is more likely to be unde
Page 174 and 175:
A number of comments will serve to
Page 176 and 177:
ConceptsIn figure 7.2 below, qualit
Page 178 and 179:
A research report is usually a logi
Page 180 and 181:
to be found between qualitative and
Page 182 and 183:
at which people are placed towards
Page 184 and 185:
The different levels can probably b
Page 186 and 187:
proach should be canonized and anot
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Goals of this chapterIntroductory r
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
is written, the wise researcher wou
Page 196 and 197: Some of the characteristics that ar
Page 198 and 199: falls within more than one discipli
Page 200 and 201: earlier on. The aim of the project,
Page 202 and 203: Example 3Title of projectAtlas of l
Page 204 and 205: IntroductionThe context of reportin
Page 206 and 207: Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac
Page 208 and 209: METATHEORETICAL GUIDEIINESIt is gen
Page 210 and 211: the researcher’s views, insuffici
Page 212 and 213: Suggestions for further reading:Bes
Page 216 and 217: 2. THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONMedical s
Page 218 and 219: particular outpatient centre experi
Page 220 and 221: 3. METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGYSymbolic
Page 224 and 225: the organisation). Secondly, a larg
Page 232 and 233: tations of the subjects; it is conc
Page 236 and 237: Although costly, videotaping of the
Page 238 and 239: 16. First half of 1981.17. Gold (19
Page 248 and 249: 2. How is value-orientation defined
Page 252 and 253: in practice. In contrast, pragmatis
Page 254 and 255: ian style of management result in l
Page 256 and 257: Quality of supervision of stoping g
Page 258 and 259: TABLE IIIANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR M
Page 260 and 261: FIGURE 2 — SECOND ORDER INTERACTI
Page 262 and 263: A further consideration in the choi
Page 264 and 265: gangs with supervision that was ass
Page 266 and 267: percentage of transfers not being m
Page 268 and 269: for all the relevant factors. Discu
Page 276 and 277: WHITE, V.P. (ed.). 1983. Grant prop
Page 278 and 279: connotation 58ff, 126ff- convention
Page 280 and 281: hermeneutics 21heuristic function,
Page 282 and 283: Naive inductivism 57naturalistic re
Page 284 and 285: esearcher image 82-83researcher ori
show all

Download - HSRC Press

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?