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found between theoretical and conceptual problems in the physicalsciences is that by Laudan (1977). A special category of problem is thatwhich current theories in a discipline cannot solve — the so-calledanomalies. Kuhn (1970) was the first to have addressed this theme, whileit became a central construct in Lakatos’s (1970) philosophy of science.2. The debate which has raged in the philosophy of science for the past twodecades on the question of meaning, or more specifically reference, iscompetently summarised in Papineau (1979). Newton-Smith (1981),Scheffler (1967), and Suppe (1974) also present discussions of the topic.3. The term internal theoretical validity is thoroughly discussed by Rose(1982). Further references on the question of operationalization may befound in Kerlinger (1973) and Smith (1975). Feigl (1970) and Hempel(1958) present representative points of view on the problems in thephilosophy of science that underlie operationalization. The texts byBlalock (1982) and Zeller and Carmines (1980) represent reasonablyadvanced discussions on operationalization and measurement validity.4. As far as we are aware, the concept, triangulation, was suggested byNorman Denzin. Denzin (1978), as well as Smith (1975) may beconsulted for a detailed discussion of this concept. The term multipleoperationism was originally formulated by Campbell and Fiske in theirclassical article in 1957. The problem of conceptualization andoperationalization within the context of qualitative research is discussedby Filmer (1972). Further references are also provided at the end ofchapter 7 of this text.Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za72