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context of a particular research tradition and discipline. Seen from this point ofview, it is clearly the sociological dimension that is highlighted. What onewould emphasize is, therefore, the existing diversity of meta-theoretical values,methodological models, theoretical frames of reference, and so on. On theother hand, however, one may focus on the individual researcher within thecontext of a specific research project. Here it is primarily the research processas a rational decision-making process, the determinants of research decisions,and the typical steps which occur within the decision-making process that areemphasized. One of the main objectives of this text is to analyze andreconstruct the logic which underlies this decision-making process.Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.zaSuggestions for further reading1. In the preface we emphasized that the material contained in this book dealswith the general methodology of the social sciences, and that issues relatedto the philosophy of science, research methods, and research techniques arenot analyzed. For a discussion of the most important differences betweenthe philosophy of science, research methodology, and research technology,Mouton (1983b) may be consulted. A somewhat dated but still useful bookin this general field is that by Kaplan (1964). More recent books which dealwith similar issues include Agnew and Pike (1982), Babbie (1979), Denzin(1978), Nowak (1976), and Philliber, Schwab, and Sloss (1980). Althoughthe majority tends to present discussions which merely spell out guidelines,there are sections in each in which the authors deal with generalmethodological principles.2. As indicated in the preface, an important goal of this book is to assistreaders who intend using it as a first, relatively simple, reference source byguiding them to more advanced publications in the fields of researchmethodology and the philosophy of science by providing appropriatereferences. Chalmers (1982) is probably the best introductory text on thephilosophy of science currently available. Somewhat more advanced is thetext by Koningsveld (1980), while Newton-Smith (1981) is regarded as themost balanced introductory text on the contemporary state of the art of thephilosophy of science, although it is probably more suitable for theadvanced student. For the real connoisseur, one can hardly do better than toread Asquith and Kyburg (1979) which is generally regarded as thestandard reference source.3. A number of excellent publications on the philosophy of the social scienceshas appeared during the past decade. One of the best general introductionsis to be found in Bernstein (1976), while his more recent text (Bernstein,1983) contains a more advanced overview. Further introductory texts in thisgeneral area are Benton (1977), Giddens (1976), Keat and Urry26
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za(1975), and Trigg (1985). For the novice in this field, the concise book byHughes (1980) can be highly recommended, in spite of the fact that headopts a thematic approach, rather than dealing with different trends likehermeneutics, phenomenology, Neo-Marxism, and realism.4. In our discussion of the sociology of science we have paid particularattention to the more recent developments in this area. Thomas Kuhn’spoint of view appears in his 1970 publication. Competent discussions ofKuhn’s point of view are to be found in Lakatos and Musgrave (1970), andSuppe (1974). A recent trend is that progressively more attention is beingpaid to the implications of Kuhn’s point of view for the social sciences(Barnes, 1982; Gutting, 1980). This issue is addressed in greater detail inchapter 6 of this book.Radnitzky’s systems theory model of scientific research is elaborated inRadnitzky (1970, 1974 and 1980). For an incisive treatment of Radnitzky’spoint of view, the best source is probably Anderson (1984). For thesociology of science in general, the following texts may all be regarded asgood introductions: Barnes (1974), Collins (1982), Hagstrom (1965),Merton (1973), and Storer (1966). Collins (1983) also presents a recentoverview of the field which may be regarded as a useful introduction. Themost recent developments in this area are, however, to be found in theSociology of the science yearbook which has appeared since 1977.5. As far as journal articles are concerned, the most important publications inthe field of the philosophy of science appear in: Philosophy of science,British journal of the philosophy of science, Synthese, Kennis en methode,and Zeitschrift für allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie, Concerning thephilosophy of the social sciences, Philosophy of social science, and Humanstudies may be consulted.Encyclopedias on the philosophy of science are rare. At the time of writingwe are aware of the existence of only two, both in German. These areWissenschaftstheoretischen Lexicon (Braun and Radermacher, 1978) andEnzyklopädie der Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie volume 1)(Mittelstrass, 1980).27
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Page 10 and 11: important methods of operationalizi
Page 18 and 19: Introduction: The scientific langua
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Page 44 and 45: Introduction: Social sciences resea
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that they have tradition, culture,
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categories. Finally, the research c
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affiliation, or presumed affiliatio
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pectancy effects was conducted by R
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ticipant’s perception of his or h
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(v) Questionnaire length effects(vi
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We have, in an earlier section, dra
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example of the double blind experim
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CONSTRUCTIVE REPLICATIONIn conclusi
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IntroductionAn example: The Reiger
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Coloured youths were fatally wounde
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ehaving violently towards some of t
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multivariate techniques are much mo
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tial validity. A closer inspection
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validity (as a rule we will not use
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CONTEXT EFFECTSIs it reasonable to
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analysis, text analysis, and case s
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IntroductionConceptsStatementsConno
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The schematic representation also g
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DICHOTOMOUS, POLYTOMIC AND CONTINUO
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People therefore, depending upon th
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higher than the mean scores on meth
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Source ofinformation Sender Recipie
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of the modellandum which are deemed
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phenomena or variables and, for thi
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i.e. from a collection of mutually
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system, the Aristotelian theory of
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IntroductionThe spectrum of the soc
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• How do scientist study underlyi
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the scope is more likely to be unde
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A number of comments will serve to
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ConceptsIn figure 7.2 below, qualit
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A research report is usually a logi
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to be found between qualitative and
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at which people are placed towards
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The different levels can probably b
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proach should be canonized and anot
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Goals of this chapterIntroductory r
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is written, the wise researcher wou
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Some of the characteristics that ar
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falls within more than one discipli
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earlier on. The aim of the project,
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Example 3Title of projectAtlas of l
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IntroductionThe context of reportin
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METATHEORETICAL GUIDEIINESIt is gen
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the researcher’s views, insuffici
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Suggestions for further reading:Bes
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2. THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONMedical s
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particular outpatient centre experi
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3. METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGYSymbolic
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the organisation). Secondly, a larg
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tations of the subjects; it is conc
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Although costly, videotaping of the
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16. First half of 1981.17. Gold (19
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2. How is value-orientation defined
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in practice. In contrast, pragmatis
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ian style of management result in l
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Quality of supervision of stoping g
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TABLE IIIANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR M
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FIGURE 2 — SECOND ORDER INTERACTI
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A further consideration in the choi
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gangs with supervision that was ass
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percentage of transfers not being m
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for all the relevant factors. Discu
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WHITE, V.P. (ed.). 1983. Grant prop
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connotation 58ff, 126ff- convention
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hermeneutics 21heuristic function,
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Naive inductivism 57naturalistic re
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esearcher image 82-83researcher ori
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