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IntroductionConcept and meaningConceptualizationAn example: AlienationTheoretical validityOperationalizationAn example: Dean’s social alienation scaleMeasurement validityFree download from www.hsrcpress.ac.zaCriterion validityConstruct validityResuméSuggestions for further reading
CHAPTER 3RESEARCH DESIGN:CONCEPTUALIZATION ANDOPERATIONALIZATIONFree download from www.hsrcpress.ac.zaINTRODUCTIONIn our discussion in the previous chapter of the factors influencing the formulationof the research problem, it was evident that different types of researchimpose different demands regarding the necessity for an initial explicit statementof the problem, and for the formulation of hypotheses. In research of anexploratory nature, the aim is to arrive at the formulation of explicit researchhypotheses by initially adopting a flexible approach. In more quantitativeresearch, in which the aim is to test hypotheses, the researcher begins with areasonably clear statement of the problem and the hypotheses. In this chapterwe shall assume that we are dealing with research in which a clear statement ofthe problem and a set of hypotheses is the point of departure. Obviously, thiscould well be the case in both quantitative and qualitative research in bothdescriptive and explanatory research. It is also important to note that this wouldapply equally to more theoretical research (for example, conceptual analysisand theory building) and empirical research (which involves the collection ofnew empirical data).Karl Popper, in particular, was responsible for placing a new emphasis on therole of problem formulation in science. One of the most common myths aboutscientific research, is that it could be conducted in the absence of a clearlyformulated problem. This myth, which Alan Chalmers calls naive in-57
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HSRC SERIES IN METHODOLOGYSeries Ed
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All rights reserved. No part of thi
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PART 3Appendix 1M Ferreira — A so
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Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac
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important methods of operationalizi
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Introduction: The scientific langua
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Page 34 and 35: inevitably be found in the discipli
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Page 112 and 113: CONSTRUCTIVE REPLICATIONIn conclusi
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multivariate techniques are much mo
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tial validity. A closer inspection
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validity (as a rule we will not use
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CONTEXT EFFECTSIs it reasonable to
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analysis, text analysis, and case s
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IntroductionConceptsStatementsConno
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The schematic representation also g
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DICHOTOMOUS, POLYTOMIC AND CONTINUO
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People therefore, depending upon th
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higher than the mean scores on meth
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Source ofinformation Sender Recipie
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of the modellandum which are deemed
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phenomena or variables and, for thi
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i.e. from a collection of mutually
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system, the Aristotelian theory of
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IntroductionThe spectrum of the soc
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• How do scientist study underlyi
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the scope is more likely to be unde
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A number of comments will serve to
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ConceptsIn figure 7.2 below, qualit
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A research report is usually a logi
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to be found between qualitative and
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at which people are placed towards
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The different levels can probably b
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proach should be canonized and anot
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Goals of this chapterIntroductory r
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is written, the wise researcher wou
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Some of the characteristics that ar
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falls within more than one discipli
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earlier on. The aim of the project,
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Example 3Title of projectAtlas of l
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IntroductionThe context of reportin
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METATHEORETICAL GUIDEIINESIt is gen
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the researcher’s views, insuffici
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Suggestions for further reading:Bes
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2. THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONMedical s
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particular outpatient centre experi
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3. METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGYSymbolic
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the organisation). Secondly, a larg
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tations of the subjects; it is conc
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Although costly, videotaping of the
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16. First half of 1981.17. Gold (19
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2. How is value-orientation defined
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in practice. In contrast, pragmatis
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ian style of management result in l
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Quality of supervision of stoping g
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TABLE IIIANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR M
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FIGURE 2 — SECOND ORDER INTERACTI
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A further consideration in the choi
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gangs with supervision that was ass
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percentage of transfers not being m
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for all the relevant factors. Discu
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WHITE, V.P. (ed.). 1983. Grant prop
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connotation 58ff, 126ff- convention
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hermeneutics 21heuristic function,
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Naive inductivism 57naturalistic re
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esearcher image 82-83researcher ori
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