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IntroductionSources of data, reactivity and controlThe requirements of reliabilityObservation effectsResearcher effectsResearcher characteristics(i) Affiliation of the researcher(ii) Image of the researcher(iii) Distance between researcher and participantsResearcher orientationsParticipant effectsParticipant characteristics(i) Memory decay(ii) Omniscience syndrome(iii) Interview saturationFree download from www.hsrcpress.ac.zaParticipant orientations(i) Role selection(ii) Level of motivation(iii) Response patternsMeasuring instrument effectsContext effectsMore reliable observationTriangulationEnsuring anonymityEstablishing rapportCovert researchControl groupTrainingChoice of fieldworkersReliability of measuring instrumentsConstructive replicationResuméSuggestions for further reading
CHAPTER 4RESEARCH DESIGN:DATA COLLECTIONFree download from www.hsrcpress.ac.zaINTRODUCTIONThe distinctive nature of the research domain of the social sciences poses thegreatest challenges to the methodological ingenuity of the researcher. The factthat human beings are being investigated in the social sciences createsproblems not encountered in the physical sciences. We concentrate on threeimportant characteristics of human beings as being relevant to the topic of thischapter, that is, the fact that they are rational, historical, and normative beings.Rationality refers to the fact that human beings possess the ability to reasonabout their existence; the ability to make reasoned and free decisions thatdetermine their future. Rationality does not only imply awareness, but, moreimportantly, also self-awareness. One may, in terms of ethnomethodologicaltheory, state that human beings are capable of defining their situatedness in theworld. Human beings do not only react to stimuli — they interpret, define, andbehave proactively.The fact that human beings are rational beings also accounts for theirhistoricity. That human beings are capable of creative and culture-forming acts,is the direct cause of human history. Human beings create their own history butthey are, simultaneously, the products of history. The fact of historicity notonly means that human beings have a past, present, and future, but also75
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HSRC SERIES IN METHODOLOGYSeries Ed
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All rights reserved. No part of thi
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PART 3Appendix 1M Ferreira — A so
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Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac
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important methods of operationalizi
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Introduction: The scientific langua
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inevitably be found in the discipli
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At the project level, three general
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FIGURE 1.3Free download from www.hs
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Page 136 and 137: CONTEXT EFFECTSIs it reasonable to
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IntroductionConceptsStatementsConno
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The schematic representation also g
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DICHOTOMOUS, POLYTOMIC AND CONTINUO
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People therefore, depending upon th
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higher than the mean scores on meth
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Source ofinformation Sender Recipie
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of the modellandum which are deemed
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phenomena or variables and, for thi
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i.e. from a collection of mutually
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system, the Aristotelian theory of
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IntroductionThe spectrum of the soc
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• How do scientist study underlyi
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the scope is more likely to be unde
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A number of comments will serve to
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ConceptsIn figure 7.2 below, qualit
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A research report is usually a logi
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to be found between qualitative and
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at which people are placed towards
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The different levels can probably b
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proach should be canonized and anot
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Goals of this chapterIntroductory r
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is written, the wise researcher wou
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Some of the characteristics that ar
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falls within more than one discipli
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earlier on. The aim of the project,
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Example 3Title of projectAtlas of l
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IntroductionThe context of reportin
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METATHEORETICAL GUIDEIINESIt is gen
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the researcher’s views, insuffici
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Suggestions for further reading:Bes
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2. THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONMedical s
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particular outpatient centre experi
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3. METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGYSymbolic
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the organisation). Secondly, a larg
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tations of the subjects; it is conc
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Although costly, videotaping of the
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16. First half of 1981.17. Gold (19
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2. How is value-orientation defined
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in practice. In contrast, pragmatis
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ian style of management result in l
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Quality of supervision of stoping g
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TABLE IIIANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR M
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FIGURE 2 — SECOND ORDER INTERACTI
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A further consideration in the choi
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gangs with supervision that was ass
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percentage of transfers not being m
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for all the relevant factors. Discu
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WHITE, V.P. (ed.). 1983. Grant prop
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connotation 58ff, 126ff- convention
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hermeneutics 21heuristic function,
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Naive inductivism 57naturalistic re
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esearcher image 82-83researcher ori
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