PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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various aspects which make up the heat and power demands of the building, andexplain how the various factors being investigated were factored in the modellingprocess.In the case of the electrical demand, a method has been developed whereby lowresolutionelectrical demand datasets can be used to create high-resolution demanddata reflecting the effects of appliance energy-efficiency improvements. The methodmakes use of a three stage transformation process which first creates seasonalvariations of individual monthly data, then converts the low-resolution hourly datainto high-resolution minute data and finally projects the data into a high efficiencyscenario reflecting improved appliance energy-efficiency. Such a method thereforepermits the creation of two high resolution electrical efficiency scenarios, a currentefficiency and a high efficiency.In the case of the thermal demand, it was discussed how this can be broadly dividedinto two parts, the domestic hot water demand and the heating and cooling energydemand arising from space conditioning. The modelling of the domestic hot waterdemand makes use of established research to create minute resolution hot waterdemand profiles. The former demand is more complex, as it is the result of a numberof factors, including climate, building characteristics, solar gains and internal heatgains and requires the use of a building simulation tool to calculate. This chaptertherefore focused on two critical aspects that affect the heat load: the modelling ofthe building characteristics and the internal heat gains. The chapter elaborates onhow the building fabric and the geometry were modified to include for operatingconditions which could possibly impact micro-trigeneration system performance.With regards to the internal heat gains, this chapter presents a process leading to themodelling of high resolution internal heat gains due to occupants and applianceswhich was eventually used in the simulations.82
2.8 Chapter References[1] "ESP-r", 2005, Energy Systems Research Unit, Department of Mechanicaland Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK[2] Kelly, N.J., (1998) "Towards a design environment for building integratedenergy systems: The Integration of electrical power flow modelling withbuilding simulation." Doctoral Thesis - Department of Mechanical andAerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK[3] Aasem, E.O., (1993) "Practical simulation of buildings and air-conditioningin the transient domain." Doctoral Thesis - Department of Mechanical andAerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK[4] Hensen, J.L.M., (1991) "On the thermal interaction of building structure andheating and ventilation system." Doctoral Thesis - Technische UniversiteitEindhoven, The Netherlands[5] "Temperature records for the Maltese Islands". Online Database held atwww.maltaweather.com [Accessed: 08/02/2011]; Available from:http://www.maltaweather.com/archives.shtml[6] National Statistics Office (2007). "Census of Population and Housing 2005,Volume 2: Dwellings." - National Statistics Office, Valletta, Malta.[7] Borg, S.P., Kelly, N.J. and Rizzo, K. "Modelling and simulating the effects ofthe use of insulated building fabric in a multi-story Maltese residentialbuilding" in Sustainable Energy 2012: The ISE Annual Conference. 2012.Qawra, Malta[8] Abela, A., Hoxley, M., McGrath, P. and Goodhew, S. (2011). "A comparativestudy of the implementation of the energy certification of residentialproperties in Malta in compliance with the Energy Performance of BuildingsDirective" - School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment,Nottingham Trent University. Nottingham, UK. Available from:http://nottinghamtrent.academia.edu/AlanAbela/Papers/1123894/A_comparative_study_of_the_implementation_of_the_energy_certification_of_residential_properties_in_Malta_in_compliance_with_the_Energy_Performance_of_Buildings_Directive [Accessed: 28/12/2011][9] "Malta Building Regulations, Part F - Conservation of Fuel, Energy and83
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
Page 56 and 57: 2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
Page 60 and 61: In this second enlarged building, t
Page 62 and 63: Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
Page 64 and 65: Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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Page 74 and 75: consumption during this period is e
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Page 78 and 79: Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
Page 80 and 81: NVF values for washing machines, el
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
Page 84 and 85: 2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
Page 90 and 91: 2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
Page 92 and 93: 2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
Page 94 and 95: period [11].In order to improve on
Page 96 and 97: (as discussed by Richardson et al.
Page 98 and 99: similar fashion to the modelling of
Page 100 and 101: observed measurements from a number
Page 102 and 103: Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
Page 104 and 105: comparing water consumption related
Page 108 and 109: natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
Page 110 and 111: in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
Page 112 and 113: [49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
Page 116 and 117: the same research also suggests tha
Page 118 and 119: cooling device in conjunction with
Page 120 and 121: simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
Page 122 and 123: Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
Page 124 and 125: 3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
Page 126 and 127: or decrease the flow rate of the co
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Page 130 and 131: arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
Page 132 and 133: coefficients for the future and pre
Page 134 and 135: Applying basic energy and mass cons
Page 136 and 137: CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
Page 138 and 139: general form of equation (3.16) [33
Page 140 and 141: functions of hot water circuit inle
Page 142 and 143: circuit were obtained and how the p
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Page 148 and 149: the model was then compared to a se
Page 150 and 151: Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
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Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
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Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
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Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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