PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Operational Programme II – Cohesion Policy 2007-2013Empowering People for more Jobs and a Better Quality of LifeAdvert part-financed by the European UnionEuropean Social Fund (ESF)Co-financing rate: 85% EU Funds; 15% National FundsInvesting in your futureii
ABSTRACTThe domestic sector accounts for a substantial 25% of the total energyconsumption within the EU. Although a number of measures aimed at reducing thisenergy consumption have successfully been implemented, in southern Europe thisreduction has been partly offset by the increased penetration of residential airconditioning relying on vapour compression packaged split units. A more concreteaction is therefore needed. One method which is being proposed is to use microtrigenerationsystems to provide combined heating, cooling and electrical power. Byrecycling the waste heat produced from a small energy conversion system and utiliseit to run a thermally activated cooling device, micro-trigeneration has the potential toimprove the energy-efficiency of dwellings, hence reducing consumption.An important aspect in evaluating micro-trigeneration and its potentialeffect on improving energy-efficiency in buildings is the formulation of a detailedassessment of its energetic, environmental and economic performance. This shouldnot be limited only to the present operating conditions but should also includepossible future ones. In this context, a lot of research still needs to be done tounderstand the potential impact that externally imposed conditions, such as thosecaused by additional measures meant at reducing the overall energy demands of abuilding, might have on the system. The research presented in this thesis makes useof a combined deterministic and sensitivity analysis methodology in conjunctionwith data obtained from simulations performed using a whole building simulationtool run at high temporal resolution to model, simulate and assess microtrigenerationperformance under varying conditions. The research in this thesispresents the methodology used to create the different scenarios and the resultingresults obtained.The outcomes from this PhD work include a new method and tool togenerate high resolution electrical demand data incorporating the effect of futureenergy efficiency savings; a dynamic model of an absorption chiller designed to beeasy-to-calibrate and; detailed, integrated models of a trigeneration system alongwith the Maltese apartment building which it serves.iii
Page 1 and 2: University of StrathclydeDepartment
Page 3: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
Page 9 and 10: 2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
Page 11 and 12: 4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
Page 13 and 14: 5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
Page 21 and 22: uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
Page 23 and 24: ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
Page 27 and 28: uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
Page 29 and 30: Micro-cogeneration can make use of
Page 32 and 33: offer reasonable and adequate retur
Page 34 and 35: system in a residential building, i
Page 36 and 37: conditions have on the performance
Page 38 and 39: effective manner. The research in t
Page 40 and 41: investigate how a residential micro
Page 42 and 43: Table 1.1 also includes additional
Page 44 and 45: 1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
Page 46 and 47: [18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
Page 48 and 49: [39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
Page 50 and 51: [56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
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Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
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Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
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Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
Page 302 and 303:
One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
Page 328 and 329:
Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
Page 330 and 331:
Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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