PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh delivered and a future 0.5 kgCO 2 per kWhdelivered, reflecting the possible changes occurring in the near future in the Malteseelectricity grid network. This was done at intervals of 0.1.4.2.3 Economic performance metricsBiezma and San Cristóbal in [20] explain by giving various examples present inliterature that the economic analysis of a cogeneration system unit is usually doneusing investment criteria. Their research also discusses that although various criteriaare available, the investment criteria typically used to accept or reject a cogenerationproject are the Net Present Value (NPV), the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and thePayback Period (PP). In this section an overview is given of the methods andequations utilised to financially assess the different scenarios.4.2.3.1 Financial parameters used in modellingIn order to provide the input data required to define the investment criteria, two setsof data are required: the capital investment cost and the cash flow of the project (inthis case of an individual scenario).The former is a function of the initial cost to buy the equipment and can be simplyconsidered as an investment cost related to the aggregated cost of procuring thedifferent plant components. Table 4.3 show the Investment Cost (I) assumed for eachscenario.Table 4.3 - Investment costs for the different scenariosScenarioDescriptionApproximateinvestment cost,I (Euros, €)1 CHP unit, absorption chiller and 0.3m 3 hot water storage tank 40,2672 CHP unit, absorption chiller and 0.5m 3 hot water storage tank 40,4573CHP unit, absorption chiller, 0.5m 3 hot water storage tank and0.3m 3 chilled water storage tank41,0574CHP unit, absorption chiller, 0.5m 3 hot water storage tank and2.5m 2 flat plate SWH40,8575 CHP unit, absorption chiller and 0.5m 3 hot water storage tank 40,457154
Costs are based on personal communications with the manufacturers and can only beconsidered as indicative as prices will vary depending on many factors, includingsupplier, taxation and freight.The two most expensive plant components the CHP unit (5.5 kW el Senertec DachsIC Engine fed micro-CHP unit [21]) and the absorption chiller (the 10 kW th SKSonnenKlima GmbH [22]) were identical for all scenarios and so the investmentcosts for the different scenarios were very similar. The only difference wasassociated with the additional cost of procuring the extra components constituting thedifferent plant configurations. Not included in the costs are the ventilation systemcost and the cost of the ancillary equipment, mainly pumps and fans: these werehowever identical for most scenarios. Although of an indicative nature the costs dononetheless show the kind of cost magnitude such systems would entail and giventhat the research was aimed at producing comparative results between the differentscenarios, the figures presented were enough to provide a reasonable indication ofthe effect different operating conditions have on the financial performance of microtrigenerationin residential buildings.The other set of data required to assess the investment criteria is the cash flow (CF)(or annual savings) of the project which is a more laborious calculation as it requiresmultiple calculations. As shown in equation (4.16) (an adaptation of the annualsaving calculation proposed in [20]) the cash flow of a project includes not only thefinancial debits of the system due to the purchase of fuel, but also the revenuesgained in exporting excess electricity to the grid and the saved cost from the netdemand satisfied by the micro-trigeneration system.- (4.16)Table 4.4 describes each individual component making up the system’s cash flow.155
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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Page 134 and 135: Applying basic energy and mass cons
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Page 150 and 151: Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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Page 156 and 157: 3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
Page 158 and 159: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
Page 164 and 165: Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
Page 166 and 167: The building fabric, building size
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Page 174 and 175: 4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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Page 180 and 181: Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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Page 184 and 185: impact they have on the energetic,
Page 186 and 187: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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Page 210 and 211: 5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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Page 214 and 215: Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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Page 218 and 219: Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
Page 220 and 221: The PES obtained for the different
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Page 224 and 225: Similar results are obtained for al
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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