PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

More documents

Recommendations

Info

profile for that same time period (shown in Figure 4.2).Fig. 4.1 - μTRIGEN system cogenerated electricity produced over a day in AugustFig. 4.2 - Electrical demand for a characteristic day in August for the 6 householdbuildingFig. 4.3 - Resultant net import and export profile148
Based on the data and profiles created the net electrical energy import (E Net Import ), thenet electrical energy export (E Net Export ) and the net demand satisfied by the microtrigenerationsystem (E Net Demand μTRIGEN ), all specified in kWh, could be calculated forany period of time N minutes (again depending on the type of aggregated analysisbeing done) using equations (4.4), (4.5) and (4.6) respectively.For E Net Import equation (4.4)If (Gross Elec. Demand n – μTRIGEN Power Output n ) < 0, then(Gross Elec. Demand n – μTRIGEN Power Output n ) = 0For E Net Export equation (4.5)If (Gross Elec. Demand n – μTRIGEN Power Output n ) > 0, then(Gross Elec. Demand n – μTRIGEN Power Output n ) = 0For E Net Demand μTRIGEN equation (4.6)Valid for μTRIGEN Power Output n > 0; else if μTRIGEN Power Output n = 0, thenE Net Demand μTRIGEN = 0Also if Gross Elec. Demand n > Max μTRIGEN Power Output n, thenGross Elec. Demand n = Max μTRIGEN Power Output nThe Gross Elec. Demand n is the total electrical demand of the building (based on theelectrical profiles created in Chapter 2 but excluding the electricity required to runthe system’s fans and pumps – not included in the analysis). The μTRIGEN PowerOutput n is the electrical power output of the micro-trigeneration system.149
Page 1 and 2:
University of StrathclydeDepartment
Page 3 and 4:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
Page 5 and 6:
ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
Page 7 and 8:
TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
Page 9 and 10:
2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
Page 11 and 12:
4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
Page 13 and 14:
5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
Page 15 and 16:
LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
Page 17 and 18:
Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
Page 19 and 20:
Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
Page 21 and 22:
uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
Page 23 and 24:
ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
Page 25 and 26:
CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
Page 27 and 28:
uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
Page 29 and 30:
Micro-cogeneration can make use of
Page 32 and 33:
offer reasonable and adequate retur
Page 34 and 35:
system in a residential building, i
Page 36 and 37:
conditions have on the performance
Page 38 and 39:
effective manner. The research in t
Page 40 and 41:
investigate how a residential micro
Page 42 and 43:
Table 1.1 also includes additional
Page 44 and 45:
1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
Page 46 and 47:
[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
Page 48 and 49:
[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
Page 50 and 51:
[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
Page 52 and 53:
2.1 Modelling residential demand -
Page 54 and 55:
minute resolution data. The researc
Page 56 and 57:
2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
Page 58 and 59:
Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
Page 60 and 61:
In this second enlarged building, t
Page 62 and 63:
Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
Page 64 and 65:
Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
Page 66 and 67:
esolution demand data for individua
Page 68 and 69:
the original data (see equation 2.1
Page 70 and 71:
the course of a year. The end resul
Page 72 and 73:
specific appliance at a particular
Page 74 and 75:
consumption during this period is e
Page 76 and 77:
awarded on a random basis following
Page 78 and 79:
Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
Page 80 and 81:
NVF values for washing machines, el
Page 82 and 83:
Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
Page 84 and 85:
2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
Page 86 and 87:
Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
Page 88 and 89:
Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
Page 90 and 91:
2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
Page 92 and 93:
2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
Page 94 and 95:
period [11].In order to improve on
Page 96 and 97:
(as discussed by Richardson et al.
Page 98 and 99:
similar fashion to the modelling of
Page 100 and 101:
observed measurements from a number
Page 102 and 103:
Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
Page 104 and 105:
comparing water consumption related
Page 106 and 107:
various aspects which make up the h
Page 108 and 109:
natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
Page 110 and 111:
in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
Page 112 and 113:
[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
Page 114 and 115:
CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
Page 116 and 117:
the same research also suggests tha
Page 118 and 119:
cooling device in conjunction with
Page 120 and 121:
simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
Page 122 and 123: Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
Page 124 and 125: 3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
Page 126 and 127: or decrease the flow rate of the co
Page 128 and 129: efrigerant, which in this case is w
Page 130 and 131: arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
Page 132 and 133: coefficients for the future and pre
Page 134 and 135: Applying basic energy and mass cons
Page 136 and 137: CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
Page 138 and 139: general form of equation (3.16) [33
Page 140 and 141: functions of hot water circuit inle
Page 142 and 143: circuit were obtained and how the p
Page 144 and 145: the internal high and low pressures
Page 146 and 147: the imaginary boundary constituting
Page 148 and 149: the model was then compared to a se
Page 150 and 151: Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
Page 152 and 153: standard deviation was calculated t
Page 154 and 155: The selected tank size is based on
Page 156 and 157: 3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
Page 158 and 159: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 160 and 161: uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
Page 164 and 165: Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
Page 166 and 167: The building fabric, building size
Page 168 and 169: analysis in the case of the interme
Page 170 and 171: micro-trigeneration system are thos
Page 174 and 175: 4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
Page 176 and 177: cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
Page 178 and 179: the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
Page 180 and 181: Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
Page 182 and 183: FIT and considering the cost involv
Page 184 and 185: impact they have on the energetic,
Page 186 and 187: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
Page 190 and 191: increases so does energy-efficiency
Page 192 and 193: the building fabric is most effecti
Page 194 and 195: Instances where the load duration c
Page 196 and 197: households, GF refers to the ground
Page 198 and 199: Finally, and this will be the discu
Page 200 and 201: In the table, the low and high effi
Page 202 and 203: The scenario with the lowest number
Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
Page 206 and 207: number of cycles during the cooling
Page 208 and 209: 5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
Page 210 and 211: 5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
Page 212 and 213: decrease in net imports and net dem
Page 214 and 215: Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
Page 216 and 217: trigeneration system primary energy
Page 218 and 219: Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
Page 220 and 221: The PES obtained for the different
Page 222 and 223:
Difference inprimary energybetween
Page 224 and 225:
Similar results are obtained for al
Page 226 and 227:
2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
Page 228 and 229:
Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231:
Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233:
5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
Page 234 and 235:
As electricity costs increase (rela
Page 236 and 237:
ii.In the latter case the magnitude
Page 238 and 239:
Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
Page 240 and 241:
Multiple of current electricity tar
Page 242 and 243:
of the system diminishes with incre
Page 244 and 245:
Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
Page 246 and 247:
shows that exporting all the cogene
Page 248 and 249:
LPG price level when the micro-trig
Page 250 and 251:
Minimum threshold viability of the
Page 252 and 253:
Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
Page 254 and 255:
Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
Page 256 and 257:
performance of the micro-trigenerat
Page 258 and 259:
directly affect the system’s ener
Page 260 and 261:
micro-trigeneration system. Convers
Page 262 and 263:
CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
Page 264 and 265:
and power demands of the building.
Page 266 and 267:
circuits associated with the absorp
Page 268 and 269:
the subject. More work therefore ne
Page 270 and 271:
plant models using the building sim
Page 272 and 273:
APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
Page 274 and 275:
Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
Page 284 and 285:
Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
Page 286 and 287:
Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
Page 288 and 289:
Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
Page 296 and 297:
0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
Page 298 and 299:
99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
Page 300 and 301:
100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
Page 302 and 303:
One way to solve a partial differen
Page 304 and 305:
The ‘self coupling term’ is def
Page 306 and 307:
C ******************** CMP73C *****
Page 308 and 309:
&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
Page 310 and 311:
C and the inlet point into the solu
Page 312 and 313:
IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
Page 314 and 315:
C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
Page 316 and 317:
XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
Page 318 and 319:
& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
Page 320 and 321:
End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
Page 322 and 323:
&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
Page 324 and 325:
C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
Page 326 and 327:
WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
Page 328 and 329:
Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
Page 330 and 331:
Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
show all

PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?