PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for Energy and Transport (2009). "EU energy and transport in figures" -Luxembourg: Office for the Official Publications of the Europeancommunities. European Commission. Luxembourg. Available from:http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/statistics/doc/2009_energy_transport_figures.pdf [Accessed 01/09/2011][2] REMODECE Project Members (2008). "Report with the results of thesurveys based on questionnaires for all countries in REMODECE -Residential Monitoring to Decrease Energy Use and Carbon Emissions inEurope (IEEA Program Funded Project)". Available from:http://www.isr.uc.pt/~remodece/downloads/REMODECE_D9_Nov2008_Final.pdf [Accessed 01/12/2009][3] European Environmental Agency (2001). Chapter "Households" in "IndicatorFact Sheet Signals 2001" - European Environmental Agency. Available from:http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/household-energyconsumption[Accessed 10/01/2011][4] de Almeida, A. and Fonseca, P. "Residential monitoring to Decrease Energyuse and Carbon Emissions in Europe" in European Council for an EnergyEfficient Economy, ECEEE Conference 2007 Summer Study. 2007. Côted´Azur, France[5] "Presidency Conclusions - Council of the European Union 8/9 March 2007" -European Parliament and European Council - Doc No. 7224/1/07 REV 1[6] "Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings" - EuropeanParliament and European Council[7] "Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services" - EuropeanParliament and European Council[8] Menanteau, P. (2007). "Policy measures to support solar water heating:information, incentives and regulations" - Université de Grenoble, Grenoble,France. Available from:www.worldenergy.org/documents/solar_synthesis.pdf [Accessed: 08/06/2012]20
[9] Bertoldi, P. and Atanasiu, B. (2007). "Electricity Consumption and EfficiencyTrends in the Enlarged European Union - Status Report 2006" - EUR22753EN. Institute for Environment and Sustainability. JRC EuropeanCommission[10] Eurostat. "Eurostat Web Portal". Main Database - Environment and Energy[Accessed: 30/11/2010]; Available from:http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home[11] The World Bank (2010). "Part II-7Accelerating innovation and technologydiffusion" in "World Development Report 2010" - The International Bank forReconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Washington, USA.[Accessed: 30/11/2011]; Available from:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDRS/Resources/477365-1327504426766/8389626-1327510418796/Chapter-7.pdf[12] "Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources" -European Parliament and European Council[13] Paepe, M.D., D’Herdt, P. and Mertens, D. "Micro-CHP systems forresidential applications" Energy Conversion and Management 2006. 47: pgs.3425-3446[14] Gigliucci, G., Petruzzi, L., Cerelli, E., Garzisi, A. and La Mendola, A."Demonstration of a residential CHP system based on PEM fuel cells"Journal of Power Sources 2004. 131: pgs. 62-68[15] Sattari, S. and TeymouriHamzehkolaei, F. "Technical and economicfeasibility study of using Micro CHP in the different climate zones of Iran"Energy, 2011. 36: pgs. 4790-4798[16] "Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heatdemand in the internal energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC" -European Parliament and European Council[17] Macchi, E., Campanari, S. and Silva, P. La Microcogenerazione a gasnaturale, ed. Polipress. Vol. Scienza e tecnologia per l'energetica. 2005,Milano: Polipress21
Page 1 and 2: University of StrathclydeDepartment
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
Page 9 and 10: 2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
Page 11 and 12: 4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
Page 13 and 14: 5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
Page 21 and 22: uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
Page 23 and 24: ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
Page 27 and 28: uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
Page 29 and 30: Micro-cogeneration can make use of
Page 32 and 33: offer reasonable and adequate retur
Page 34 and 35: system in a residential building, i
Page 36 and 37: conditions have on the performance
Page 38 and 39: effective manner. The research in t
Page 40 and 41: investigate how a residential micro
Page 42 and 43: Table 1.1 also includes additional
Page 46 and 47: [18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
Page 48 and 49: [39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
Page 50 and 51: [56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 Modelling residential demand -
Page 54 and 55: minute resolution data. The researc
Page 56 and 57: 2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
Page 60 and 61: In this second enlarged building, t
Page 62 and 63: Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
Page 64 and 65: Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
Page 66 and 67: esolution demand data for individua
Page 68 and 69: the original data (see equation 2.1
Page 70 and 71: the course of a year. The end resul
Page 72 and 73: specific appliance at a particular
Page 74 and 75: consumption during this period is e
Page 76 and 77: awarded on a random basis following
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
Page 80 and 81: NVF values for washing machines, el
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
Page 84 and 85: 2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
Page 90 and 91: 2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
Page 92 and 93: 2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
Page 94 and 95:
period [11].In order to improve on
Page 96 and 97:
(as discussed by Richardson et al.
Page 98 and 99:
similar fashion to the modelling of
Page 100 and 101:
observed measurements from a number
Page 102 and 103:
Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
Page 104 and 105:
comparing water consumption related
Page 106 and 107:
various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
Page 112 and 113:
[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
Page 122 and 123:
Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
Page 134 and 135:
Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
Page 150 and 151:
Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
Page 154 and 155:
The selected tank size is based on
Page 156 and 157:
3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
Page 174 and 175:
4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
Page 178 and 179:
the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
Page 180 and 181:
Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
Page 182 and 183:
FIT and considering the cost involv
Page 184 and 185:
impact they have on the energetic,
Page 186 and 187:
Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 188 and 189:
CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
Page 192 and 193:
the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
Page 198 and 199:
Finally, and this will be the discu
Page 200 and 201:
In the table, the low and high effi
Page 202 and 203:
The scenario with the lowest number
Page 204 and 205:
Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
Page 206 and 207:
number of cycles during the cooling
Page 208 and 209:
5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
Page 210 and 211:
5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
Page 212 and 213:
decrease in net imports and net dem
Page 214 and 215:
Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
Page 216 and 217:
trigeneration system primary energy
Page 218 and 219:
Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
Page 220 and 221:
The PES obtained for the different
Page 222 and 223:
Difference inprimary energybetween
Page 224 and 225:
Similar results are obtained for al
Page 226 and 227:
2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
Page 228 and 229:
Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231:
Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233:
5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
Page 234 and 235:
As electricity costs increase (rela
Page 236 and 237:
ii.In the latter case the magnitude
Page 238 and 239:
Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
Page 240 and 241:
Multiple of current electricity tar
Page 242 and 243:
of the system diminishes with incre
Page 244 and 245:
Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
Page 246 and 247:
shows that exporting all the cogene
Page 248 and 249:
LPG price level when the micro-trig
Page 250 and 251:
Minimum threshold viability of the
Page 252 and 253:
Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
Page 254 and 255:
Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
Page 256 and 257:
performance of the micro-trigenerat
Page 258 and 259:
directly affect the system’s ener
Page 260 and 261:
micro-trigeneration system. Convers
Page 262 and 263:
CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
Page 264 and 265:
and power demands of the building.
Page 266 and 267:
circuits associated with the absorp
Page 268 and 269:
the subject. More work therefore ne
Page 270 and 271:
plant models using the building sim
Page 272 and 273:
APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
Page 274 and 275:
Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
Page 284 and 285:
Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
Page 286 and 287:
Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
Page 288 and 289:
Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
Page 296 and 297:
0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
Page 298 and 299:
99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
Page 300 and 301:
100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
Page 302 and 303:
One way to solve a partial differen
Page 304 and 305:
The ‘self coupling term’ is def
Page 306 and 307:
C ******************** CMP73C *****
Page 308 and 309:
&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
Page 310 and 311:
C and the inlet point into the solu
Page 312 and 313:
IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
Page 314 and 315:
C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
Page 316 and 317:
XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
Page 318 and 319:
& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
Page 320 and 321:
End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
Page 322 and 323:
&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
Page 324 and 325:
C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
Page 326 and 327:
WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
Page 328 and 329:
Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
Page 330 and 331:
Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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