PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T13)/2)*1.275 + T13C Approach temperature value (1.275) derived from Mehrabian M.A et al,C "Thermodynamic Modelling of a single-effect lithium bromide-waterC absorption refrigeration cycle" 2005, Proc. IMechE, Vol.219 Part EC Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering and reflects the differenceC due the approach point.C For other absorption chillers this may be higher or lower.T1=((CSVF(INOD2,1)-CONVAR(ICON2,1))/2)*1.275 +& CONVAR(ICON2,1)C Set Maximum and Minimum Limits to T1C These limits are set to ensure that T1 is iterable later on in theC process leading to finding the concentration.C Conditional to ensure that minimum T1 is higher than the cooling waterC inlet temperature.If(T1.LE.CONVAR(ICON2,1))ThenT1 = CONVAR(ICON2,1)ElseT1 = T1End IfC Conditional to ensure that maximum T1 is not higher than the workingC maximum cooling water outlet temperature.If(T1.GE.BDATA(IPCOMP,11))ThenT1 = BDATA(IPCOMP,11)ElseT1 = T1End IfC Calculate T4 (DegC): T4 = 0.95*T12.C Approach temperature value (0.95) derived from Mehrabian M.A et al,C "Thermodynamic Modelling of a single-effect lithium bromide-waterC absorption refrigeration cycle" 2005, Proc. IMechE, Vol.219 Part EC Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering and reflects the differenceC due the approach point.C For other absorption chillers this may be higher or lower.T4 = 0.95*CSVF(INOD3,1)290
C Set Maximum and Minimum Limits to T4C These limits are set to ensure that T1 is iterable later on in theC process of finding the concentration.C Conditional to ensure that maximum T4 is lower than the hotC source highest temperature.If(T4.GE.CONVAR(ICON3,1)) ThenT4 = CONVAR(ICON3,1)ElseT4 = T4End IfC Conditional to ensure that maximum T4 is not lower than the workingC minimum hot water outlet temperature.If(T4.LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,12)) ThenT4 = BDATA(IPCOMP,12)ElseT4 = T4End IfC Calculate T5: T5 = T4 - EffRecHX*(T4-T2)C But since T2=T1; (no change in temperature is assumed to occur inC the pump) T5 = T4 - EffRecHX*(T4-T1)T5=T4-(BDATA(IPCOMP,1))*(T4-T1)C Calculate concentration of the strong solution leaving generator andC entering the absorber. In order to find the concentration an iterationC is performed whereby the known value of Phigh is compared with Pscst,C the pressure calculated using an iteration based on known temperatureC and concentration value.C Iteration based on finding the Dew Point Temperature (DST) [KaitaC "Thermodynamic properties of lithium bromide and water solutionsC at high temperatures" 2001. International Journal of RefrigerationC 24, 374-390] valid for LiBr concentrations between 40% < X < 65%; andC Vapour Pressure Pscst [McNeely, L.A. 1979 "Thermodynamic PropertiesC of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide" ASHRAE Trans., Vol.85, PT.1C pgs 413-4381]. Start by assuming a concentration of XST=40291
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
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Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
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Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
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Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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Page 266 and 267: circuits associated with the absorp
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Page 272 and 273: APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
Page 274 and 275: Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
Page 282 and 283: APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
Page 284 and 285: Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
Page 286 and 287: Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
Page 288 and 289: Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
Page 294 and 295: Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
Page 296 and 297: 0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
Page 298 and 299: 99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
Page 300 and 301: 100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
Page 302 and 303: One way to solve a partial differen
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Page 306 and 307: C ******************** CMP73C *****
Page 308 and 309: &COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
Page 310 and 311: C and the inlet point into the solu
Page 312 and 313: IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
Page 316 and 317: XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
Page 318 and 319: & + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
Page 320 and 321: End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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Page 324 and 325: C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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Page 328 and 329: Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
Page 330 and 331: Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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