PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating power (Watts) as a function of chilled waterC inlet temp (x)(Deg C), hot water inlet temp (y)(Deg C)C and cooling water inlet temp (z)(Deg C)C CHPow = f(x,y,z) = d0 + d1*x + d2*y + d3*zC The empirical solution was found using a multiple regressionC technique for the experimental valuesIF(IONOFF.EQ.0) THENCHPow = 0ElseCHPow = BDATA(IPCOMP,13) +& (BDATA(IPCOMP,14))*(CONVAR(ICON1,1)) +& (BDATA(IPCOMP,15))*(CONVAR(ICON3,1)) +&(BDATA(IPCOMP,16))*(CONVAR(ICON2,1))End IFC Calculate mass flow rate of refrigerant, zmref (kg/s)C zmref = CHPower/(h10-h9)C But, given there is no change in enthalpy in an expansion valve: h9=h8C zmref = CHPower/(h10-h8)zmref= CHPow/(h10-h8)C Calcualate the Circulation Ratio ff=XST/(XST-XWK)C Calculate weak solution mass flow rate zmwk=m1=m2=m3 (kg/s)zmwk=zmref*fC Calculate strong solution mass flow rate zmst=m4=m5=m6 (kg/s)zmst=zmwk-zmrefC Calculate enthalpies (J/kg) of point 1, 4 and 5294
C Calculations performed using equations from Kaita. Y.,C "Thermodynamic properties of lithium bromide and water solutionsC at high temperatures" 2001. International Journal of RefrigerationC 24, 374-390C Point 1 - Weak solution exit from absorberh1=((3.462023-0.02679895*XWK)*T1 +& (0.5*T1**2)*(0.0013499-0.00000655*XWK) +& (162.81-6.0418*XWK-0.0045348*XWK**2+0.0012053*XWK**3))& *1000C Point 4 - Strong solution exit from generatorh4=((3.462023-0.02679895*XST)*T4 +& (0.5*T4**2)*(0.0013499-0.00000655*XST) +& (162.81-6.0418*XST-0.0045348*XST**2+0.0012053*XST**3))& *1000C Point 5 - Strong solution exit from recovery heat exchangerh5=((3.462023-0.02679895*XST)*T5 +& (0.5*T5**2)*(0.0013499-0.00000655*XST) +& (162.81-6.0418*XST-0.0045348*XST**2+0.0012053*XST**3))& *1000C Calculate work done by circulation pump (Wpump) (J/kg)C through (P2-P1)/DenistyWpump = (Phigh - Plow)*1000/& (1145.36 + 470.84*(XWK/100) + 1374.79*(XWK/100)**2& - (0.333393 + 0.571749*(XWK/100))*(273 + T1))C Calculate h2 from: h2 = Wpump + h1h2 = Wpump + h1C Electrical energy (Watts) required for pump = Wpump*zmwk/ElecEffPumpIF(IONOFF.EQ.0) THENEEPump=0ElseEEPump=Wpump*zmwk/BDATA(IPCOMP,18)295
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
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Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
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Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
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Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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Page 270 and 271: plant models using the building sim
Page 272 and 273: APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
Page 274 and 275: Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
Page 282 and 283: APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
Page 284 and 285: Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
Page 286 and 287: Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
Page 288 and 289: Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
Page 294 and 295: Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
Page 296 and 297: 0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
Page 298 and 299: 99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
Page 300 and 301: 100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
Page 302 and 303: One way to solve a partial differen
Page 304 and 305: The ‘self coupling term’ is def
Page 306 and 307: C ******************** CMP73C *****
Page 308 and 309: &COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
Page 310 and 311: C and the inlet point into the solu
Page 312 and 313: IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
Page 314 and 315: C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
Page 316 and 317: XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
Page 320 and 321: End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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Page 324 and 325: C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
Page 326 and 327: WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
Page 328 and 329: Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
Page 330 and 331: Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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