PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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LIST OF TABLESTable 1.1 Operating conditions investigated 18Table 2.1 Dimensions of the modelled building 34Table 2.2 Dimensions of the enlarged modelled building 35Table 2.3 Main characteristics of the low efficiency buildingfabric scenario 38Table 2.4 Main characteristics of the high efficiency buildingfabric scenario 40Table 2.5 Factors for seasonal variation equation for a refrigerator(Dimensionless) 47Table 2.6 Range of steady-state power ratings for selected‘On’/‘Off’ appliances 50Table 2.7 Scaling factors for the future Earliest Best PracticeScenario 53Table 2.8 Hourly NVF for all appliances 55Table 2.9 Characteristics and appliance ownership of the 8modelled households 56Table 2.10 Annual total electrical energy consumption for thehouseholds investigated 58Table 2.11 Internal heat gains due to various electrical appliancegroups 74Table 2.12 Assumptions used to create DHW profile for 3household building 79Table 2.13 Assumptions used to create additional DHW profile for6 household building 81Table 3.1 Control settings for heating season; 3 Householdbuilding 92Table 3.2 Control settings for heating season; 6 Householdbuilding 93Table 3.3 Control settings for cooling season; 3 Householdbuilding 94Table 3.4 Control settings for cooling season; 6 Householdxviii
uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme used to control the plant in the 3household building 100Table 3.6 Control scheme used to control the plant in the 6household building 102Table 3.7 Coefficients to calculate the dew point temperature 113Table 3.8 Component coefficients and data making up theabsorption chiller 117Table 3.9 Relationships between hot water inlet temperature andthe high and low pressure 119Table 3.10 Relationship between chiller’s refrigerating poweroutput and the water circuits’ inlet temperatures 120Table 3.11 M node and calculated using method 1 and method2 122Table 4.1 Scenarios investigated 140Table 4.2 Characteristic weeks investigated 143Table 4.3 Investment costs for the different scenarios 154Table 4.4 Explanation of the cash flow equation 156Table 4.5 Electricity tariff bands 157Table 5.1 Annual heating energy supplied 166Table 5.2 Annual cooling energy supplied 167Table 5.3 Key values obtained for the modelled demand profilesof the 3 household building - Scenario 1 169Table 5.4 Key values obtained for the modelled demand profilesof the 6 household building - Scenarios 2, 3, 4 and 5 172Table 5.5 CHP unit fuel consumption and operating hours 175Table 5.6 CHP Unit switching cycles 179Table 5.7 Auxiliary boiler fuel consumption 183Table 5.8 Annual chiller operational time 184Table 5.9 Annual micro-trigeneration system electricalperformance 186Table 5.10 Micro-trigeneration system primary energyxix
Page 1 and 2: University of StrathclydeDepartment
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
Page 9 and 10: 2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
Page 11 and 12: 4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
Page 13 and 14: 5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
Page 19: Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
Page 23 and 24: ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
Page 27 and 28: uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
Page 29 and 30: Micro-cogeneration can make use of
Page 32 and 33: offer reasonable and adequate retur
Page 34 and 35: system in a residential building, i
Page 36 and 37: conditions have on the performance
Page 38 and 39: effective manner. The research in t
Page 40 and 41: investigate how a residential micro
Page 42 and 43: Table 1.1 also includes additional
Page 44 and 45: 1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
Page 46 and 47: [18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
Page 48 and 49: [39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
Page 50 and 51: [56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 Modelling residential demand -
Page 54 and 55: minute resolution data. The researc
Page 56 and 57: 2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
Page 60 and 61: In this second enlarged building, t
Page 62 and 63: Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
Page 64 and 65: Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
Page 66 and 67: esolution demand data for individua
Page 68 and 69: the original data (see equation 2.1
Page 70 and 71:
the course of a year. The end resul
Page 72 and 73:
specific appliance at a particular
Page 74 and 75:
consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
Page 78 and 79:
Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
Page 80 and 81:
NVF values for washing machines, el
Page 82 and 83:
Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
Page 96 and 97:
(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
Page 100 and 101:
observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
Page 154 and 155:
The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
Page 174 and 175:
4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
Page 178 and 179:
the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
Page 180 and 181:
Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
Page 186 and 187:
Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
Page 204 and 205:
Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
Page 206 and 207:
number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
Page 224 and 225:
Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
Page 228 and 229:
Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231:
Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233:
5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
Page 234 and 235:
As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
Page 238 and 239:
Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
Page 244 and 245:
Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
Page 250 and 251:
Minimum threshold viability of the
Page 252 and 253:
Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
Page 258 and 259:
directly affect the system’s ener
Page 260 and 261:
micro-trigeneration system. Convers
Page 262 and 263:
CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
Page 264 and 265:
and power demands of the building.
Page 266 and 267:
circuits associated with the absorp
Page 268 and 269:
the subject. More work therefore ne
Page 270 and 271:
plant models using the building sim
Page 272 and 273:
APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
Page 274 and 275:
Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
Page 284 and 285:
Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
Page 286 and 287:
Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
Page 288 and 289:
Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
Page 296 and 297:
0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
Page 298 and 299:
99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
Page 300 and 301:
100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
Page 302 and 303:
One way to solve a partial differen
Page 304 and 305:
The ‘self coupling term’ is def
Page 306 and 307:
C ******************** CMP73C *****
Page 308 and 309:
&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
Page 310 and 311:
C and the inlet point into the solu
Page 312 and 313:
IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
Page 320 and 321:
End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
Page 326 and 327:
WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
Page 328 and 329:
Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
Page 330 and 331:
Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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