PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesis - Department of Mechanical andAerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK[32] Aasem, E.O., (1993) "Practical simulation of buildings and air-conditioningin the transient domain." Doctoral Thesis - Department of Mechanical andAerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK[33] Kaita, Y., "Thermodynamic properties of lithium bromide-water solutions athigh temperatures" International Journal of Refrigeration, 2001. 24: pgs. 374-390[34] Klein, S.A., Radermacher, R. and Herold, K.E "Chapter 6 - Single EffectWater/Lithium Bromide Systems", in "Absorption Chillers and Heat Pumps".1996, CRC Press: New York, USA[35] Florides, G.A., Kalogirou, S.A., Tassou, S.A. and Wrobel, L.C. "Design andconstruction of a LiBr-water absorption machine" Energy Conversion andManagement, 2003. 44: pgs. 2483-2508[36] Volker, C. "Sonnenklima Suninverse - Solar cooling product information andexperience" in Derbi Conference. 2009. Perpignan, France[37] SONNENKLIMA package solution description - Online Brochure.[Accessed: 15/07/2010], Available from:http://www.solarcombiplus.eu/docs/D46_SonnenKlima_v02_English.pdf[38] Kohlenbach, P., (2006) "Solar cooling with absorption chillers: Controlstrategies and transient chiller performance." Doctoral Thesis - Von derFakultät III – Prozesswissenschaften, Technischen Universität Berlin,Germany[39] Ferguson, A. and Kelly, N.J. (2007). "Section III - A Generic ModelSpecification for Combustion-based Residential Cogeneration Devices" in"Specifications for Modelling Fuel Cell and Combustion-Based ResidentialCogeneration Devices within Whole-Building Simulation Programs" - AReport of Subtask B of FC+COGEN+SIM The Simulation of Building-Integrated Fuel Cell and Other Cogeneration Systems: Annex 42 of theInternational Energy Agency's Conservation in Buildings and CommunitySystems Programme. International Energy Agency[40] Ferguson, A. and Kelly, N.J. "Modelling Building-integrated Stirling CHP136
Systems" in eSim 2006 The Canadian Building Simulation Conference. 2006.Toronto, Canada[41] Vaillant Webaite (2012). "High performance unvented stainless steel cylinderrange" [Accessed: 20/06/2011]; Available from:http://www.vaillant.co.uk/stepone2/data/downloads/c9/42/00/uniSTOR.pdf[42] Borg, S.P., Yousif, C. and Farrugia, R.N. "Investigation of domestic solarwater heaters installations in Malta" in Renewable Energies in Malta andBeyond. 2005. Salina, Malta137
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
Page 110 and 111: in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
Page 112 and 113: [49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
Page 116 and 117: the same research also suggests tha
Page 118 and 119: cooling device in conjunction with
Page 120 and 121: simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
Page 122 and 123: Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
Page 124 and 125: 3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
Page 126 and 127: or decrease the flow rate of the co
Page 128 and 129: efrigerant, which in this case is w
Page 130 and 131: arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
Page 132 and 133: coefficients for the future and pre
Page 134 and 135: Applying basic energy and mass cons
Page 136 and 137: CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
Page 138 and 139: general form of equation (3.16) [33
Page 140 and 141: functions of hot water circuit inle
Page 142 and 143: circuit were obtained and how the p
Page 144 and 145: the internal high and low pressures
Page 146 and 147: the imaginary boundary constituting
Page 148 and 149: the model was then compared to a se
Page 150 and 151: Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
Page 152 and 153: standard deviation was calculated t
Page 154 and 155: The selected tank size is based on
Page 156 and 157: 3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
Page 158 and 159: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
Page 164 and 165: Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
Page 166 and 167: The building fabric, building size
Page 168 and 169: analysis in the case of the interme
Page 170 and 171: micro-trigeneration system are thos
Page 172 and 173: profile for that same time period (
Page 174 and 175: 4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
Page 176 and 177: cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
Page 178 and 179: the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
Page 180 and 181: Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
Page 182 and 183: FIT and considering the cost involv
Page 184 and 185: impact they have on the energetic,
Page 186 and 187: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
Page 190 and 191: increases so does energy-efficiency
Page 192 and 193: the building fabric is most effecti
Page 194 and 195: Instances where the load duration c
Page 196 and 197: households, GF refers to the ground
Page 198 and 199: Finally, and this will be the discu
Page 200 and 201: In the table, the low and high effi
Page 202 and 203: The scenario with the lowest number
Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
Page 206 and 207: number of cycles during the cooling
Page 208 and 209: 5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
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Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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