PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs mentioned in Section 2.3.2 in order to analyse the effect of building size andoccupancy, a second enlarged building was modelled with each floor representingthe internal space taken by two storeys. The electrical demand of each floor in thiscase was modelled to represent the electrical demand profile of two households.To model the demand profile of this 6 household building, the demand profiles ofhouseholds 2B, 3A and 4A (whose characteristics are shown in Table 2.9) wereindividually added to the profiles of the households used to model the electricaldemand profiles of the 3 household building. The electrical demand profile ofhousehold 2B was added to that of household 4B to represent the electrical demandof the enlarged top floor. The electrical demand profile of household 3A was addedto that of household 2B to represent the electrical demand of the enlarged groundfloor and the electrical demand profile of household 4A was added to household 3Bto represent the electrical demand of the enlarged middle floor.Apart from increasing the electrical energy demand, aggregating the load profiles ofthe different households also creates a temporally different load, (slightly) levels outthe load demand, increases the average demand and shifts peak demands. Figure 2.25shows one such aggregation between household 2B and household 3A for acharacteristic day in May. The resulting demand profile is that of the 2-householdground floor in the 6 household building.Fig. 2.25 - Aggregation used to generate the electrical demand profile for the 2-household ground floor for a characteristic day in May66
Note that the domestic hot water profile was modelled separately from the electricaldemand profile (since this was directly satisfied by the micro-trigeneration system),and therefore even though Table 2.9 lists an electric water heater as an applianceowned by households 2B, 3A and 4A, in the modelling process this was omitted.Figure 2.26 and Figure 2.27 show the electrical demand for the 2-household groundfloor in August and February as representative of the summer and winter monthsrespectively.Fig. 2.26 - Electrical demand profile for the 2-household ground floor (August)Fig. 2.27 - Electrical demand profile for the 2-household ground floor (February)Also, in the same way to the procedure used in modelling the demand profiles for the3 household building, Stage 3 was again adopted to transform the current efficiencydemand profiles into high efficiency electrical demand profiles. Figure 2.28, Figure67
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
Page 40 and 41: investigate how a residential micro
Page 42 and 43: Table 1.1 also includes additional
Page 44 and 45: 1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
Page 46 and 47: [18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
Page 48 and 49: [39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
Page 50 and 51: [56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 Modelling residential demand -
Page 54 and 55: minute resolution data. The researc
Page 56 and 57: 2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
Page 60 and 61: In this second enlarged building, t
Page 62 and 63: Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
Page 64 and 65: Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
Page 66 and 67: esolution demand data for individua
Page 68 and 69: the original data (see equation 2.1
Page 70 and 71: the course of a year. The end resul
Page 72 and 73: specific appliance at a particular
Page 74 and 75: consumption during this period is e
Page 76 and 77: awarded on a random basis following
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
Page 80 and 81: NVF values for washing machines, el
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
Page 84 and 85: 2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
Page 92 and 93: 2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
Page 94 and 95: period [11].In order to improve on
Page 96 and 97: (as discussed by Richardson et al.
Page 98 and 99: similar fashion to the modelling of
Page 100 and 101: observed measurements from a number
Page 102 and 103: Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
Page 104 and 105: comparing water consumption related
Page 106 and 107: various aspects which make up the h
Page 108 and 109: natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
Page 110 and 111: in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
Page 112 and 113: [49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
Page 116 and 117: the same research also suggests tha
Page 118 and 119: cooling device in conjunction with
Page 120 and 121: simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
Page 122 and 123: Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
Page 124 and 125: 3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
Page 126 and 127: or decrease the flow rate of the co
Page 128 and 129: efrigerant, which in this case is w
Page 130 and 131: arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
Page 132 and 133: coefficients for the future and pre
Page 134 and 135: Applying basic energy and mass cons
Page 136 and 137: CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
Page 138 and 139: general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
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Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
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Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
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Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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