PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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decrease in net imports and net demand satisfied by the micro-trigeneration systemwere of 28.1% and 24.0% respectively. The same trend was observed whencomparing the current and high electrical efficiency scenarios of all other scenarios.5.3.4.3 Effect of different plant configurations on the electrical performanceWhat was discussed in section 5.3.4.1 regarding the effect of the building fabric onthe system’s electrical performance can be extended to analyse the effect of thedifferent plant configurations; the higher the number of operating hours of the microtrigenerationsystem the higher the amount of gross electricity cogenerated.Compared to the current and high electrical efficiency cases of the 6 householdbuilding with high efficiency fabric (Scenarios 2 High/Current efficiency and 2 High/High efficiency )– the reference scenarios for the different plant system configurations, the additionaloperating hours of the micro-trigeneration system with the additional chilled watertank used in Scenario 3 High resulted in the system producing a higher amount ofcogenerated electricity. In both electrical efficiency cases (Scenario 3 High/Current efficiencyand Scenario 3 High/High efficiency ), the electricity cogenerated by the system increased by7.6%. The additional electricity cogenerated resulted in lower net imports 1 , highernet exports 2 and higher net demand satisfied by the micro-trigeneration system 3 .Conversely, compared to Scenarios 2 High/Current efficiency and 2 High/High efficiency , thereduction in operating hours of the micro-trigeneration system with the additionalSWH used in Scenario 4 High resulted in the system producing a lower amount ofcogenerated electricity. Compared to the equivalent scenarios in Scenario 2 High , theamount of electricity cogenerated in Scenario 4 High/Current efficiency and Scenario 4 High/High efficiency decreased by 2.7%. The reduction in electricity cogenerated in this case1 3.1% in Scenario 3 High/Current efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/Current efficiency and 3.0% in Scenario3 High/High efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/High efficiency .2 7.7% in both Scenario 3 High/Current efficiency and Scenario 3 High/High efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/Currentefficiency and Scenario 2 High/High efficiency .3 8.0% in Scenario 3 High/Current efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/Current efficiency and 6.9% in Scenario3 High/High efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/High efficiency .188
esulted in higher net imports 4 , lower net exports 5 and lower net demand satisfied bythe micro-trigeneration system 6 .5.3.5 Micro-trigeneration system primary energy consumption and efficiencyTable 5.10 shows the seasonal and annual micro-trigeneration system primary energyconsumption and the correlated system efficiency. Given that the calculation of themicro-trigeneration system’s primary energy consumption relies on multiplying thetotal fuel consumption by the net calorific value of the fuel (LPG), it is clear that thesame trends and conclusions drawn for the operational hours and the fuelconsumption can be extended to this case as well. Consequently:The highest primary energy consumption was during the cooling season whenthe operating load factor of the CHP unit was highest;Improving the building fabric reduces the primary energy consumption of themicro-trigeneration system;Adding a chilled water storage tank creates an extra thermal load which needsto be satisfied by the micro-trigeneration system operating for a longernumber of hours, hence increasing the amount of primary energy consumed;andThe addition of systems making use of renewable energy sources working intandem with the micro-trigeneration system reduces the amount of primaryenergy consumed by the system.4 0.2% in Scenario 4 High/Current efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/Current efficiency and 0.6% in Scenario4 High/High efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/High efficiency .5 3.4% in Scenario 4 High/Current efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/Current efficiency and 2.8% in Scenario4 High/High efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/High efficiency .6 0.63% in Scenario 4 High/Current efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/Current efficiency and 2.2% in Scenario4 High/High efficiency compared to Scenario 2 High/High efficiency .189
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
Page 164 and 165: Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
Page 166 and 167: The building fabric, building size
Page 168 and 169: analysis in the case of the interme
Page 170 and 171: micro-trigeneration system are thos
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Page 174 and 175: 4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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Page 178 and 179: the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
Page 180 and 181: Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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Page 184 and 185: impact they have on the energetic,
Page 186 and 187: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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Page 194 and 195: Instances where the load duration c
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Page 198 and 199: Finally, and this will be the discu
Page 200 and 201: In the table, the low and high effi
Page 202 and 203: The scenario with the lowest number
Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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Page 208 and 209: 5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
Page 210 and 211: 5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
Page 214 and 215: Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
Page 216 and 217: trigeneration system primary energy
Page 218 and 219: Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
Page 220 and 221: The PES obtained for the different
Page 222 and 223: Difference inprimary energybetween
Page 224 and 225: Similar results are obtained for al
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Page 228 and 229: Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231: Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233: 5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
Page 234 and 235: As electricity costs increase (rela
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Page 240 and 241: Multiple of current electricity tar
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Page 244 and 245: Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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Page 250 and 251: Minimum threshold viability of the
Page 252 and 253: Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
Page 254 and 255: Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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