PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trigeneration system response to different operational conditionsPerformance Energetic Operational Environmental FinancialOperationalConditionμTrigen fuelconsumptionμTrigencogeneratedelectricityEffect on electrical performanceNet importsNet exportsNet demandsatisfied byμTrigenSystemefficiency(ƞ μTRIGEN)Primaryenergysavings(PES) 9CHP Unit'On'/'Off'CyclingEmissionsavings(ES) 9Present worth(PW)Internal rateof return(IRR)Paybackperiod(PP)Building fabricimprovementDecreased(Improved)Decreased(Deteriorated)Increased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Variable(Depends onscenario)Decreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Increased(Deteriorated)Increasedbuilding sizeand occupancyIncreased 10(Deteriorated)Increased(Improved)Increased(Deteriorated)Increased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Decreased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Decreased(Improved)Addition of achilled waterstorage tankIncreased(Deteriorated)Increased(Improved)Decreased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Decreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Improved)Decreased(Deteriorated)NegligiblechangeNegligiblechangeNegligiblechangeApplianceselectricalefficiencyimprovementCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedDecreased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Decreased(Deteriorated)Criterion notaffectedIncreased(Improved)Criterion notaffectedIncreased(Improved)Decreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Increased(Deteriorated)Addition ofSWH to theμTrigen systemDecreased(Improved)Decreased(Deteriorated)Increased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Increased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Decreased(Improved)Increased(Improved)NegligiblechangeNegligiblechangeNegligiblechangeGrid networkimprovementCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedDecreases(Deteriorated)Criterion notaffectedDecreases(Deteriorated)Criterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedAll cogeneratedelectricity isexportedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedIncreased(Deteriorated)Increased(Improved)Decreased(Deteriorated)Criterion notaffectedDecreases(Deteriorated)Criterion noteffectedDecreases(Deteriorated)Increased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Decreased(Improved)Increase inelectricity tariffCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedIncreased(Improved)Increased(Improved)Decreased(Improved)Increase inLPG priceCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedCriterion notaffectedDecreased(Deteriorated)Decreased(Deteriorated)Increased(Deteriorated)9 Analysis of PES and ES includes the net electrical imports in the calculation.10 Fuel consumption increases if the entire building is considered - per household the micro-trigeneration system fuel consumption decreases.230
Notwithstanding the diversity in response to the different criteria, certain conclusionson the way the various operational conditions affected the micro-trigeneration systemintegrated performance assessment can still be drawn:Apart from aspects related to a higher energy requirement (e.g. higher fuelconsumption), for the same plant size, an increase in the useful thermaldemand results in an improvement in the system’s performance criteria.Considering the proposed system and the level of demand, the feasibility ofsuch a system is heavily dependent on the magnitude of the demand whichneeds to be satisfied. Also, at this micro-level appropriate sizing andmatching of demand-supply characteristics is particularly important, as by farincreasing the thermal load is the single operating condition which mostlyaffects the system’s performance.In general improving the building fabric resulted in a reduction in thermaldemand which affected negatively all performance criteria, except for areduction in fuel consumption. All other parameters including the mostimportant and significant in assessing the micro-trigeneration system (theprimary energy savings, the emission savings and the financial criteria)deteriorated with improving building fabric, although to a marginal extentcompared to increasing the thermal demand by connecting to smaller sizedbuildings.Reducing the building’s electrical demand by improving the electricalefficiency of household appliances did not affect the thermal performance ofthe micro-trigeneration system (e.g. fuel consumption, cycling, systemefficiency etc.), although it did affect its electrical performance by changinghow much of the cogenerated electricity was exported and how much wasused to satisfy the buildings’ own demand. Also in regards to electricalenergy saving measures in household appliances and system performancecriteria this thesis has shown that the assessment is two-fold – including andexcluding net electrical imports. If net imports are excluded and only the net231
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
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Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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Page 210 and 211: 5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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Page 214 and 215: Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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Page 218 and 219: Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
Page 220 and 221: The PES obtained for the different
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Page 224 and 225: Similar results are obtained for al
Page 226 and 227: 2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
Page 228 and 229: Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231: Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233: 5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
Page 234 and 235: As electricity costs increase (rela
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Page 240 and 241: Multiple of current electricity tar
Page 242 and 243: of the system diminishes with incre
Page 244 and 245: Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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Page 250 and 251: Minimum threshold viability of the
Page 252 and 253: Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Page 260 and 261: micro-trigeneration system. Convers
Page 262 and 263: CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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Page 266 and 267: circuits associated with the absorp
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Page 270 and 271: plant models using the building sim
Page 272 and 273: APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
Page 274 and 275: Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
Page 282 and 283: APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
Page 284 and 285: Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
Page 286 and 287: Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
Page 288 and 289: Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
Page 294 and 295: Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
Page 296 and 297: 0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
Page 298 and 299: 99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
Page 300 and 301: 100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
Page 302 and 303: One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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