PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the micro-trigeneration systemTable 5.9 shows the annual electrical performance of the micro-trigeneration system(the gross electricity cogenerated by system, the net electrical imports, the netelectrical exports and the net demand satisfied by the micro-trigeneration system)calculated for the different scenarios.Table 5.9 - Annual micro-trigeneration system electrical performanceScenarioBuilding fabric/ElectricalefficiencyGross electricitycogenerated bymicrotrigenerationsystem(kWh)NetimportsE Net Import(kWh)NetexportsE Net Export(kWh)Net demand satisfied bymicro-trigeneration systemE Net Demand μTRIGEN(kWh)1 Low/Current efficiency 10,702.5 3,977.1 9,301.5 1,401.01 Low/High efficiency 10,702.5 2,857.8 9,637.5 1,065.01 High/Current efficiency 10,175.4 4,076.0 8,873.3 1,302.11 High/High efficiency 10,175.5 2,932.4 9,185.1 990.42 Low/Current efficiency 14,461.2 7,349.9 10,781.1 3,680.22 Low/High efficiency 14,461.2 5,453.5 11,771.5 2,689.82 High/Current efficiency 13,401.0 7,716.6 10,079.5 3,321.52 High/High efficiency 13,401.0 5,676.5 10,930.0 2,471.03 High/Current efficiency 14,415.9 7,478.3 10,857.5 3,588.43 High/High efficiency 14,415.9 5,505.4 11,775.6 2,640.34 High/Current efficiency 13,036.3 7,730.9 9,735.6 3,300.74 High/High efficiency 13,036.3 5,707.7 10,620.1 2,416.15 High/Current efficiency 13,401.1 10,159.0 13,401.0 0.05 High/High efficiency 13,401.1 7,471.6 13,401.1 0.05.3.4.1 Effect of improving the building fabric on the electrical performanceAs done in previous sections, the specific cases in Scenarios 1 and 2 were used toanalyse the effect of improving the building fabric. The first important conclusionwhich can be drawn from the results obtained is that, the gross electricitycogenerated by the micro-trigeneration system depends exclusively on the number ofoperating hours of the system. Any reductions in thermal demand due to buildingfabric improvements will therefore lead to a reduction in the amount of cogeneratedelectricity. Also, since the change in internal heat gains due to a change in electricaldemand is negligible, for the same building fabric, improving the electrical efficiency186
of the household appliances does not change the electricity cogenerated by themicro-trigeneration system. Considering Scenario 1, improving the building fabricresulted in a reduction in gross electricity cogenerated by the micro-trigenerationsystem of approximately 5.0%. Likewise for Scenario 2 the reduction was of 7.3%.This reduction in cogenerated electricity also results in a situation where, for thesame electrical efficiency, improving the building fabric leads to higher electrical netimports, lower net exports and lower net demand satisfied by the micro-trigenerationsystem. Comparing the low and high fabric cases of the 3 household building for thecurrent appliances’ electrical efficiency (Scenarios 1 Low/Current efficiency and 1 High/Currentefficiency), the increase in net imports was of 2.5% whilst the decrease in net exportsand net demand satisfied by the micro-trigeneration system were of 4.6% and 7.1%respectively. Likewise, comparing the low and high fabric cases of the 3 householdbuilding for future appliances’ electrical efficiency (Scenarios 1 Low/High efficiency and1 High/High efficiency ), the increase in net imports was of 2.6% whilst the decrease in netexports and net demand satisfied by the micro-trigeneration system were of 4.7% and7.0% respectively. The individual cases in Scenario 2 show similar results.5.3.4.2 Effect of improving the electrical efficiency on the electrical performanceAs mentioned, improving the electrical efficiency of the household appliances doesnot alter the gross electricity cogenerated by the micro-trigeneration system, as this isrelated exclusively to the operating hours of the system.Improving the electrical efficiency however results in a lower electrical demand,higher net exports, lower net imports and lower net demand satisfied by the microtrigenerationsystem. Comparing the low and high electrical efficiency cases for the 3household building with low efficiency fabric (Scenarios 1 Low/Current efficiency and1 Low/High efficiency ), the increase in net exports was of 3.6% whilst the decrease in netimports and net demand satisfied by the micro-trigeneration system were of 28.1%and 24.0% respectively. Likewise, comparing the low and high electrical efficiencycases for the 3 household building with high efficiency fabric (Scenarios 1 High/Currentefficiency and 1 High/High efficiency ), the increase in net exports was of 3.5% whilst the187
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
Page 164 and 165: Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
Page 166 and 167: The building fabric, building size
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Page 174 and 175: 4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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Page 178 and 179: the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
Page 180 and 181: Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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Page 208 and 209: 5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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Page 214 and 215: Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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Page 218 and 219: Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
Page 220 and 221: The PES obtained for the different
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Page 224 and 225: Similar results are obtained for al
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Page 228 and 229: Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231: Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233: 5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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Page 244 and 245: Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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Page 252 and 253: Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
Page 254 and 255: Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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