PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of the high efficiency building fabric scenarioItem Features and characteristics CommentsSouth façadeexposedexternal wallsExposedexternal wallsfacing otherdirectionsAdjacentbounded wallsInternaldividing wallsRoofIntermediateceilingsGlazingDouble skinned wall with external 230mm thickness softlimestone block (1.1 W/mK) and internal 150mm thicknessconcrete block (1.13 W/mK) with interstitial 50mmExpanded Polystyrene Board (0.03 W/mK) between blocks.Internally finished with a 12.5mm gypsum plaster board(0.19 W/mK).Total U-Value - 0.428 W/m 2 KDouble skinned wall with external 230mm thickness softlimestone block (1.1 W/mK) and internal 150mm thicknessconcrete block (1.13 W/mK) with interstitial 50mmExpanded Polystyrene Board (0.03 W/mK) between blocks.Internally finished with a 12.5mm gypsum plaster board(0.19 W/mK).Total U-Value - 0.428 W/m 2 KSingle skinned 230mm thickness external concrete block(1.13 W/mK) with and internal 12.5mm gypsum plasterboard (0.19 W/mK) with interstitial 10mm ExpandedPolystyrene Board (0.03 W/mK) between layers.Total U-Value - 1.159 W/m 2 KSingle skinned 150mm thickness concrete block (1.13W/mK) in between two layers of 12.5mm gypsum plasterboard (0.19 W/mK).Total U-Value - 1.907 W/m 2 K150mm thickness 2% steel reinforced concrete (2.5 W/mK).Externally covered with 180mm thickness roof insulationboard (0.19 W/mK), a 100mm thickness layer of crushedlimestone (0.8 W/mK) and a 75mm thickness lean concretemix (0.38 W/mK). Externally finished with a 12mmthickness white coloured roof felt (0.23 W/mK) having solarabsorption of 0.5. Internally finished with a 12.5mmthickness ceiling gypsum board (0.21 W/mK).Total U-Value - 0.588 W/m 2 K150mm thickness 2% steel reinforced concrete (2.5 W/mK)covered on one side with a 50mm thickness roof insulationboard (0.19 W/mK), a 50mm thickness layer of crushedlimestone (0.8 W/mK), a 50mm thickness lean concrete mix(0.38 W/mK) and a 6mm tile (0.85 W/mK). On the otherside finished with a 12.5mm thickness ceiling gypsum board(0.21 W/mK).Total U-Value - 1.185 W/m 2 K12mm thick air filled double glazing with 6mm glass havinglow emissivity properties.Total U-Value - 2.265 W/m 2 KRecommendedmaximum U-Value1.57 W/m 2 K.Recommendedmaximum U-Value1.57 W/m 2 K.Recommendedmaximum U-Value1.57 W/m 2 K.Not specifiedRecommendedmaximum U-Value0.59 W/m 2 K.Recommendedmaximum U-Value1.57 W/m 2 K.Recommendedmaximum U-Value5.8 W/m 2 K.2.3.4 Use of the building models developedThe various combinations considered were developed in ESP-r to create a number of40
thermal scenarios (e.g. 3 household building with low efficiency building fabric, 3household building with high efficiency building fabric, 6 household building withlow efficiency building fabric etc.). These were then linked with the plant networkand used together with the other design elements (e.g. electrical efficiency ofhousehold appliances etc.) to assess the individual effects of each parameter onmicro-trigeneration performance.2.4 Modelling the electrical demandIt has already been discussed how the electrical demand in residential households isof a very variable nature with short instantaneous peak demands separated by periodsof very little demand. In studies relating to micro-trigeneration in residentialbuildings high temporal resolution is therefore an important requirement [23, 24]. Ithas also already been mentioned that increased energy-efficiency caused by anincreased penetration of high efficiency appliances, could lead to a lower demandimpacting the performance of a micro-trigeneration system.In order to address these issues, this chapter aims to explain the tool and methoddeveloped to generate high resolution seasonal daily electrical demand profiles fordifferently occupied households accounting for different electrical appliances (andlighting) efficiency scenarios: a current efficiency electrical scenario based oncurrent appliances’ efficiencies and a future high efficiency electrical scenario basedon the expected best future available technology. The approach is also described inmore details by Borg and Kelly in [25].Electrical demand was treated separately from the main ESP-r analysis, with theprofiles used as part of a post-simulation process aimed at calculating the microtrigenerationperformance metrics. A more detailed explanation of the method usedis given in Chapter 4.2.4.1 Method of profile generation - OverviewThe modelling of domestic electrical demands uses a combination of appliance data,end-use energy surveys and a customised stochastic model to generate high41
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
Page 21 and 22: uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
Page 23 and 24: ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
Page 27 and 28: uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
Page 29 and 30: Micro-cogeneration can make use of
Page 32 and 33: offer reasonable and adequate retur
Page 34 and 35: system in a residential building, i
Page 36 and 37: conditions have on the performance
Page 38 and 39: effective manner. The research in t
Page 40 and 41: investigate how a residential micro
Page 42 and 43: Table 1.1 also includes additional
Page 44 and 45: 1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
Page 46 and 47: [18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
Page 48 and 49: [39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
Page 50 and 51: [56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 Modelling residential demand -
Page 54 and 55: minute resolution data. The researc
Page 56 and 57: 2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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Page 62 and 63: Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Page 74 and 75: consumption during this period is e
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Page 78 and 79: Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
Page 80 and 81: NVF values for washing machines, el
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
Page 84 and 85: 2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
Page 90 and 91: 2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
Page 92 and 93: 2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
Page 94 and 95: period [11].In order to improve on
Page 96 and 97: (as discussed by Richardson et al.
Page 98 and 99: similar fashion to the modelling of
Page 100 and 101: observed measurements from a number
Page 102 and 103: Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
Page 104 and 105: comparing water consumption related
Page 106 and 107: various aspects which make up the h
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Page 110 and 111: in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
Page 112 and 113: [49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
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Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
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Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
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Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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