PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration primary energy comparison with separate generation and PESScenarioBuilding fabric/ElectricalEfficiencyScenario descriptionAnnual PE μTRIGEN(kWh)Excluding NetImportsIncludingNet ImportsAnnual PE SEPARATE(kWh)Excluding NetImportsIncludingNet ImportsExcluding NetImportsAnnual PES(%)IncludingNet Imports1 Low/Current efficiency1 Low/High efficiency1 High/Current efficiency1 High/High efficiency2 Low/Current efficiency2 Low/High efficiency2 High/Current efficiency3 Household building with low efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.3m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ currentelectrical efficiency.3 Household building with low efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.3m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.3 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.3m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ currentelectrical efficiency.3 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.3m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with low efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ currentelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with low efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ current39,936 55,532 75,978 91,574 47.4 39.439,936 51,143 75,978 87,187 47.4 41.337,878 53,863 70,585 86,569 46.3 37.837,878 49,378 70,585 82,086 46.3 39.853,696 82,519 113,362 142,185 52.6 42.053,696 75,082 113,362 134,748 52.6 44.349,906 80,167 105,324 135,585 52.6 40.9194
2 High/High efficiency3 High/Current efficiency3 High/High efficiency4 High/Current efficiency4 High/High efficiency5 High/Current efficiency5 High/High efficiencyelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank) with additional0.3m 3 chilled water tank. Appliances’current electrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank) with additional0.3m 3 chilled water tank. Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank) with additional2.5m 2 flat plate SWH. Appliances’ currentelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank) with additional2.5m 2 flat plate SWH. Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). All electricity isexported Appliances’ current electricalefficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). All electricity isexported. Appliances’ high electricalefficiency.49,906 72,167 105,324 127,584 52.6 43.453,718 83,045 109,397 138,724 50.9 40.153,718 75,308 109,397 130,987 50.9 42.548,705 79,022 104,156 134,474 53.2 41.248,705 71,088 104,156 126,540 53.2 43.849,906 89,745 105,323 145,163 52.6 38.249,906 79,206 105,323 134,624 52.6 41.2195
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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Page 172 and 173: profile for that same time period (
Page 174 and 175: 4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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Page 178 and 179: the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
Page 180 and 181: Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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Page 184 and 185: impact they have on the energetic,
Page 186 and 187: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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Page 194 and 195: Instances where the load duration c
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Page 198 and 199: Finally, and this will be the discu
Page 200 and 201: In the table, the low and high effi
Page 202 and 203: The scenario with the lowest number
Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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Page 208 and 209: 5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
Page 210 and 211: 5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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Page 214 and 215: Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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Page 220 and 221: The PES obtained for the different
Page 222 and 223: Difference inprimary energybetween
Page 224 and 225: Similar results are obtained for al
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Page 228 and 229: Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231: Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233: 5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
Page 234 and 235: As electricity costs increase (rela
Page 236 and 237: ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Page 240 and 241: Multiple of current electricity tar
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Page 244 and 245: Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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Page 250 and 251: Minimum threshold viability of the
Page 252 and 253: Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
Page 254 and 255: Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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Page 262 and 263: CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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Page 266 and 267: circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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