PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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PEPESPPPWREMODECERESSWHTACTFPrimary EnergyPrimary Energy SavingsPayback PeriodPresent WorthResidential Monitoring to Decrease Energy Use and CarbonEmissions in Europe (IEEA Program Funded Project)Renewable Energy SystemsSolar Water HeaterThermally Activated CoolingTop Floorxxii
CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overviewThe scope of this first chapter is primarily that of giving an overview of the wholethesis; its scope, objectives and the methodology used to answer the specific researchquestions posed. The chapter starts by explaining the concept behind microtrigeneration,specifically describing what kind of research has been done on microtrigenerationso far and highlighting the gaps which this research addresses in orderto fully assess the technology’s performance in dwellings, including energy-efficientones. The chapter finally also explains the layout of this thesis by briefly giving ashort description of the work done in each subsequent chapter.1
Page 1 and 2: University of StrathclydeDepartment
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
Page 9 and 10: 2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
Page 11 and 12: 4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
Page 13 and 14: 5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
Page 21 and 22: uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
Page 23: ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
Page 27 and 28: uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
Page 29 and 30: Micro-cogeneration can make use of
Page 32 and 33: offer reasonable and adequate retur
Page 34 and 35: system in a residential building, i
Page 36 and 37: conditions have on the performance
Page 38 and 39: effective manner. The research in t
Page 40 and 41: investigate how a residential micro
Page 42 and 43: Table 1.1 also includes additional
Page 44 and 45: 1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
Page 46 and 47: [18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
Page 48 and 49: [39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
Page 50 and 51: [56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 Modelling residential demand -
Page 54 and 55: minute resolution data. The researc
Page 56 and 57: 2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
Page 60 and 61: In this second enlarged building, t
Page 62 and 63: Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
Page 64 and 65: Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
Page 66 and 67: esolution demand data for individua
Page 68 and 69: the original data (see equation 2.1
Page 70 and 71: the course of a year. The end resul
Page 72 and 73: specific appliance at a particular
Page 74 and 75:
consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
Page 78 and 79:
Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
Page 86 and 87:
Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
Page 94 and 95:
period [11].In order to improve on
Page 96 and 97:
(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
Page 102 and 103:
Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
Page 154 and 155:
The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
Page 178 and 179:
the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
Page 180 and 181:
Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
Page 186 and 187:
Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
Page 194 and 195:
Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
Page 204 and 205:
Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
Page 214 and 215:
Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
Page 218 and 219:
Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
Page 220 and 221:
The PES obtained for the different
Page 222 and 223:
Difference inprimary energybetween
Page 224 and 225:
Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
Page 228 and 229:
Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231:
Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233:
5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
Page 234 and 235:
As electricity costs increase (rela
Page 236 and 237:
ii.In the latter case the magnitude
Page 238 and 239:
Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
Page 240 and 241:
Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
Page 244 and 245:
Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
Page 246 and 247:
shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
Page 250 and 251:
Minimum threshold viability of the
Page 252 and 253:
Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
Page 254 and 255:
Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
Page 256 and 257:
performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
Page 272 and 273:
APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
Page 284 and 285:
Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
Page 288 and 289:
Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
Page 296 and 297:
0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
Page 298 and 299:
99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
Page 300 and 301:
100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
Page 302 and 303:
One way to solve a partial differen
Page 304 and 305:
The ‘self coupling term’ is def
Page 306 and 307:
C ******************** CMP73C *****
Page 308 and 309:
&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
Page 310 and 311:
C and the inlet point into the solu
Page 312 and 313:
IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
Page 314 and 315:
C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
Page 320 and 321:
End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
Page 324 and 325:
C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
Page 326 and 327:
WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
Page 328 and 329:
Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
Page 330 and 331:
Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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