PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapter described the micro-trigeneration system, the basis of ESP-r plantcomponents and networks, plant network design and the implementation of control:the strategies used to control the indoor temperature of each individual apartment inboth the 3 household and the 6 household building were also presented and explained.The core of this chapter outlined the development of a new generic model for asingle-effect lithium bromide-water absorption chiller which, in contrast to mostdynamic models that rely on complex modelling and calibration of the internalcharacteristics of the chiller, was developed in such a way as to enable its calibrationas a single unit. Furthermore, whereas many other models require re-calibration ofthe internal components in order to represent different chiller types, the modelpresented in this research can be calibrated simply by measured data of the inlet andoutlet temperatures of the three water circuits flowing in and out of the chiller. Themodel is therefore flexible and adaptable for calibration with other chiller data.Verification of the model indicated that the model provided a good approximation tothe measured performance of the real chiller and its performance was very similar tothat of another model. Finally, the integration of the model into an ESP-rtrigeneration model and its variants was described.132
3.6 Chapter References[1] National Statistics Office (2007). "Time Use-Survey 2002" - NationalStatistics Office, Valletta, Malta.[2] "Decreto del Presidente della Republica recante norme per la progettazione,l'installazione, l'esercizio e la manutenzione degli impianti termici degliedifici ai fini del contenimento dei consumi di energia, in attuazione dell'art.4, comma 4, della L. 9 gennaio 1991, n. 10" - D.P.R. 412/93.[3] Peeters, L., de Dear, R., Hensen, J.L.M. and D’haeseleer, W. "Thermalcomfort in residential buildings: Comfort values and scales for buildingenergy simulation" Applied Energy, 2009. 86: pgs. 772-780[4] Fanger, P.O., "Thermal comfort". 1970, New York, USA: McGraw-Hill[5] ASHRAE, "Chapter 9 - Thermal Comfort" in "The 2009 ASHRAE Handbook- Fundamentals", Mark Owen, Editor. 2009, American Society of HeatingRefrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers[6] CIBSE, "Guide A: Environmental design". 2006, London, UK: CharteredInstitution of Building Services Engineers[7] Oseland, N.A. "A comparison of the predicted and reported thermalsensation vote in homes during winter and summer" Energy and Buildings,1994. 21: pgs. 45-54[8] Humphreys, M. "The influence of season and ambient temperature on humanclothing behaviour", in "Indoor climate", Danish Building Research, Editor.1979: Copenhagen, Denmark[9] "Temperature records for the Maltese Islands". Online Database held atwww.maltaweather.com [Accessed: 08/02/2011]; Available from:http://www.maltaweather.com/archives.shtml[10] Clarke, J.A., "Energy simulation in building design". 2 nd Edition ed. 2001,Oxford: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd.[11] Beausoleil-Morrison, I., Ferguson, A., D'haeseleer, W. and Kelly, N.J. (2007)."Experimental Investigation of Residential Cogeneration Devices andCalibration of Annex 42 Models" - A Report of Subtask B ofFC+COGEN+SIM The Simulation of Building-Integrated Fuel Cell andOther Cogeneration Systems: Annex 42 of the International Energy Agency's133
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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Page 110 and 111: in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
Page 112 and 113: [49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
Page 116 and 117: the same research also suggests tha
Page 118 and 119: cooling device in conjunction with
Page 120 and 121: simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
Page 122 and 123: Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
Page 124 and 125: 3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
Page 126 and 127: or decrease the flow rate of the co
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Page 132 and 133: coefficients for the future and pre
Page 134 and 135: Applying basic energy and mass cons
Page 136 and 137: CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
Page 138 and 139: general form of equation (3.16) [33
Page 140 and 141: functions of hot water circuit inle
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Page 150 and 151: Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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Page 158 and 159: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
Page 164 and 165: Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
Page 166 and 167: The building fabric, building size
Page 168 and 169: analysis in the case of the interme
Page 170 and 171: micro-trigeneration system are thos
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Page 174 and 175: 4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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Page 178 and 179: the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
Page 180 and 181: Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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Page 186 and 187: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
Page 190 and 191: increases so does energy-efficiency
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Page 194 and 195: Instances where the load duration c
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Page 198 and 199: Finally, and this will be the discu
Page 200 and 201: In the table, the low and high effi
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Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
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Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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