PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 2006). Building Regulations Office, Malta[10] National Statistics Office (2007). "Census of Population and Housing 2005,Volume 1: Population." - National Statistics Office, Valletta, Malta.[11] ASHRAE, "Chapter 17 - Residential Cooling and Heating LoadCalculations" in "The 2009 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals", MarkOwen, Editor. 2009, American Society of Heating Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers[12] "Development Control Policy and Design Guidance 2007" - MaltaEnvironment and Planning Authority, Floriana, Malta. Available from:www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=965 [Accessed: 08/06/11][13] Jorge, J., Puigdoemench, J. and Cusiodo, A. "A practical tool for sizingoptimal shading devices" Building and Environment, 1993. 28(1): pgs. 69-72[14] Tejedor, M.V., Farrugia, R.N. and Yousif, C. "Energy Study in a MalteseHousehold", in World Renewable Energy Congress, A. Sayigh, Editor. 2008.pgs. 757-762[15] Giama, E., Papadopoulos, A.M. and Anastaselos, D. "An assessment tool forthe energy, economic and environmental evaluation of thermal insulationsolutions" Energy and Buildings 2009. 41: pgs. 1165-1171[16] D’Orazio, M., Di Perna, C. and Di Giuseppe, E. "The effects of roof coveringon the thermal performance of highly insulated roofs in Mediterraneanclimates" Energy and Buildings, 2010. 42: pgs. 1619-1627[17] Pilavachi, P.A., Nikolaidis, Y. and Chletsis, A. "Economic evaluation ofenergy saving measures in a common type of Greek building" Applied Energy,2009. 86: pgs. 2250-2559[18] Buhagiar, V. "Technical Improvement of Housing Envelopes in Malta". 2007[Accessed: 30/11/2010]; Available from:www.costc16.org/downloads/FACADES_AND_ROOFS/Boek_04-09.pdf[19] "Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings" - EuropeanParliament and European Council[20] Buhagiar, V. (2002). "Energy efficiency in building design" - BICC, Valletta,Malta. [Accessed: 30/10/2010]; Available from:84
http://www.bicc.gov.mt/bicc/files_folder/Energy%20efficiency%20in%20Building%20Design%20by%20VB.pdf[21] Buhagiar, V. "Sustainable Development and Building Design in Malta" inBEPIC - Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth. 2005. Valletta,Malta: Commonwealth Association of Architects[22] Buhagiar, V. and Yousif, C. "A post occupancy evaluation of energy efficientmeasures in the housing sector: A case study for Malta". 2008 [Accessed:30/10/2010]; Available from:http://www.buildup.eu/system/files/content/Energy%20Efficient%20Social%20Housing%20in%20Malta%20-%20Birkirkara%20Tal-Ftieh,%20a%20Pilot%20Study.pdf[23] Hawkes, A. and Leach, M. "Impacts of temporal precision in optimisingmodelling of micro-Combined Heat and Power" Energy, 2005. 30: pgs. 1759-1779[24] Wright, A. and Firth, S. "The nature of domestic electricity-loads and effectsof time averaging on statistics and on-site generation calculations" AppliedEnergy, 2007. 84(2007): pgs. 389-403[25] Borg, S.P. and Kelly, N.J. "The effect of appliance energy efficiencyimprovements on domestic electric loads in European households" Energyand Buildings, 2011. 43(9): pgs. 2240-2250[26] REMODECE Project Members (2008). "REMODECE Database - ResidentialMonitoring to Decrease Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in Europe (IEEAProgram Funded Project)". [Database] 2008 [Accessed: 01/12/2009];Available from: http://www.isr.uc.pt/~remodece/database/login.htm[27] Stokes, M., (2004) "Removing barriers to embedded generation: a finegrainedload model to support low voltage network performance analysis."Doctoral Thesis - Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development, DeMontfort University, Leicester, UK[28] Richardson, I., Hodgson, G., Thomson, M., Infield, D. and Delahunty, A."Simulation of high-resolution domestic electricity demand based on abuilding occupancy model and its applicability to the study of demand sidemanagement", in 5 th EEDAL - International Conference on Energy Efficiency85
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
Page 60 and 61: In this second enlarged building, t
Page 62 and 63: Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
Page 64 and 65: Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
Page 66 and 67: esolution demand data for individua
Page 68 and 69: the original data (see equation 2.1
Page 70 and 71: the course of a year. The end resul
Page 72 and 73: specific appliance at a particular
Page 74 and 75: consumption during this period is e
Page 76 and 77: awarded on a random basis following
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
Page 80 and 81: NVF values for washing machines, el
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
Page 84 and 85: 2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
Page 90 and 91: 2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
Page 92 and 93: 2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
Page 94 and 95: period [11].In order to improve on
Page 96 and 97: (as discussed by Richardson et al.
Page 98 and 99: similar fashion to the modelling of
Page 100 and 101: observed measurements from a number
Page 102 and 103: Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
Page 104 and 105: comparing water consumption related
Page 106 and 107: various aspects which make up the h
Page 110 and 111: in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
Page 112 and 113: [49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
Page 116 and 117: the same research also suggests tha
Page 118 and 119: cooling device in conjunction with
Page 120 and 121: simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
Page 122 and 123: Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
Page 124 and 125: 3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
Page 126 and 127: or decrease the flow rate of the co
Page 128 and 129: efrigerant, which in this case is w
Page 130 and 131: arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
Page 132 and 133: coefficients for the future and pre
Page 134 and 135: Applying basic energy and mass cons
Page 136 and 137: CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
Page 138 and 139: general form of equation (3.16) [33
Page 140 and 141: functions of hot water circuit inle
Page 142 and 143: circuit were obtained and how the p
Page 144 and 145: the internal high and low pressures
Page 146 and 147: the imaginary boundary constituting
Page 148 and 149: the model was then compared to a se
Page 150 and 151: Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
Page 152 and 153: standard deviation was calculated t
Page 154 and 155: The selected tank size is based on
Page 156 and 157: 3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
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Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
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Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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The PES obtained for the different
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Difference inprimary energybetween
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Similar results are obtained for al
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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Curren
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Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
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Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
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5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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As electricity costs increase (rela
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ii.In the latter case the magnitude
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Resultingdifference incash flowDiff
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Multiple of current electricity tar
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of the system diminishes with incre
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Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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shows that exporting all the cogene
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LPG price level when the micro-trig
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Minimum threshold viability of the
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Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
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Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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performance of the micro-trigenerat
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directly affect the system’s ener
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micro-trigeneration system. Convers
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CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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and power demands of the building.
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circuits associated with the absorp
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the subject. More work therefore ne
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plant models using the building sim
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APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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