PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Similar results are obtained for all other scenarios.This result yields an important conclusion. Micro-trigeneration systems operating inlocations where the separate generation of energy products is very efficient, havelimited capability of improving the overall energy-efficiency. From a Malteseperspective this is currently not the case as the grid network efficiency is currentlyvery low. However with the improvements being implemented, which will yield aconsiderable increase in the grid’s electrical efficiency, the technical edge a microtrigenerationsystem currently has (in terms of its energy performance) on separategeneration may be severely reduced or completely lost.5.4 Micro-trigeneration system environmental performance metricsThe second part of the assessment process was to assess the micro-trigenerationsystem on the basis of its environmental performance metrics; the system’s carbonfootprint and comparison with separate generation.5.4.1 Comparison assuming current grid network emission factorTable 5.12 shows the annual micro-trigeneration system emissions, Emissions μTRIGEN ,the annual emissions emitted assuming the equivalent quantity and quality of energyproducts are produced by separate generation, Emissions SEPARATE , and the annual CO 2emissions savings of the system in comparison with separate generation. Similarly toTable 5.11, each column in Table 5.12 is divided into 2 headings, showing theemissions and savings if the net electrical imports are included or excluded. The gridemission factor, e Grid , used in the calculation of Emissions SEPARATE was as describedin Chapter 4, the emission factor of the Maltese grid based on the actual electricitydelivered; equal to 1.088 kg/CO 2 per kWh [7].In terms of absolute emissions emitted by the micro-trigeneration system underdifferent operating conditions, the calculated values are a direct consequence of theoperating hours and fuel consumption – the higher the operating hours, the higher theresulting fuel consumption and hence the emissions. Conclusions similar to the onesdiscussed for the primary energy consumption can therefore be deduced.200
Table 5.12 - Micro-trigeneration emissions comparison with separate generation and ES (CO 2 Savings)ScenarioBuilding fabric/ElectricalEfficiencyScenario descriptionAnnual Emissions μTRIGEN(kg CO 2 )Excluding NetImportsIncludingNet ImportsAnnual Emissions SEPARATE(kg CO 2 )Excluding NetImportsIncludingNet ImportsAnnual ES(% CO 2 Savings)Excluding NetImportsIncludingNet Imports1 Low/Current efficiency1 Low/High efficiency1 High/Current efficiency1 High/High efficiency2 Low/Current efficiency2 Low/High efficiency2 High/Current efficiency3 Household building with low efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.3m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ currentelectrical efficiency.3 Household building with low efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.3m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.3 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.3m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ currentelectrical efficiency.3 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.3m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with low efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ currentelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with low efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ current9,963 14,290 20,939 25,267 52.4 43.49,963 13,072 20,939 24,049 52.4 45.69,450 13,885 19,469 23,904 51.5 41.99,450 12,640 19,469 22,660 51.5 44.213,396 21,393 31,242 39,239 57.1 45.513,396 19,329 31,242 37,176 57.1 48.012,451 20,846 29,072 37,467 57.2 44.4201
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
Page 174 and 175: 4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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Page 180 and 181: Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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Page 214 and 215: Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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Page 218 and 219: Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
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Page 228 and 229: Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231: Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233: 5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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Page 244 and 245: Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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Page 252 and 253: Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
Page 254 and 255: Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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Page 262 and 263: CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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Page 266 and 267: circuits associated with the absorp
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Page 270 and 271: plant models using the building sim
Page 272 and 273: APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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