PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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2 High/High efficiency3 High/Current efficiency3 High/High efficiency4 High/Current efficiency4 High/High efficiency5 High/Current efficiency5 High/High efficiencyelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank) with additional0.3m 3 chilled water tank. Appliances’current electrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank) with additional0.3m 3 chilled water tank. Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank) with additional2.5m 2 flat plate SWH. Appliances’ currentelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank) with additional2.5m 2 flat plate SWH. Appliances’ highelectrical efficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). All electricity isexported. Appliances’ current electricalefficiency.6 Household building with high efficiencybuilding fabric; Basic plant configuration(0.5m 3 hot water tank). All electricity isexported. Appliances’ high electricalefficiency.12,451 18,627 29,072 35,248 57.2 47.213,402 21,538 30,200 38,337 55.6 43.813,402 19,391 30,200 36,190 55.6 46.412,151 20,562 28,749 37,160 57.7 44.712,151 18,361 28,749 34,959 57.7 47.512,451 23,504 29,072 40,125 57.2 41.412,451 20,580 29,072 35,266 57.2 44.7202
The same conclusions discussed for the system’s PES can be extended to the annualCO 2 savings (ES). Reducing the system’s operational hours by reducing the usefulthermal load (e.g. micro-trigeneration feeding a smaller building, lower occupancyetc.) results in a lower ES. Also, if the net electrical imports are included in thecalculation of the annual CO 2 savings, reducing the thermal load by improving thebuilding fabric results in a reduction in ES. Finally, decreasing the net electricalimports by improving the appliances’ electrical efficiency increases the ES;otherwise if the net electrical imports are excluded from the calculation the annualES is the same for both electrical efficiencies.In terms of plant configuration, due to the parasitic thermal demand required to coverfor energy losses of the additional chilled water tank, the plant system in Scenario3 High has the lowest ES value. On the contrary the additional flat plate solar waterheater, which offsets part of the CHP unit thermal load, renders the plant system usedin Scenario 4 High the scenario with the highest ES value.Finally exporting all the electricity and importing all the electricity from the gridresults in a situation where although the annual CO 2 savings are the same if the netimports are not included (the cogenerated electricity in Scenario 2 High is similar tothat in Scenario 5 High ; the system therefore behaves in a similar fashion), if the netimports are included Scenario 5 becomes the scenario with the lowest ES.5.4.2 Effect of improving the grid emission factorTo model the reduction in emitted CO 2 for varying degrees of grid networkimprovements, the grid emission factor was varied between the current value of1.088 and a future 0.5 kg CO 2 per kWh delivered at end-use. Using the scenarios inScenario 1 Low (3 household building with low efficiency fabric) as an example,Figure 5.8 shows how the emissions emitted by the micro-trigeneration and separategeneration, Emissions SEPARATE , vary with improving grid emission factor (e Grid ). Asdone with the primary energy savings both plots including and excluding the netelectrical imports are shown. Figure 5.9 then shows how the ES varies withimproving grid emission factor (e Grid ).203
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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Page 180 and 181: Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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Page 186 and 187: Conservation in Buildings and Commu
Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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Page 194 and 195: Instances where the load duration c
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Page 198 and 199: Finally, and this will be the discu
Page 200 and 201: In the table, the low and high effi
Page 202 and 203: The scenario with the lowest number
Page 204 and 205: Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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Page 208 and 209: 5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
Page 210 and 211: 5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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Page 214 and 215: Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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Page 218 and 219: Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
Page 220 and 221: The PES obtained for the different
Page 222 and 223: Difference inprimary energybetween
Page 224 and 225: Similar results are obtained for al
Page 228 and 229: Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231: Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233: 5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
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Page 244 and 245: Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
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Page 250 and 251: Minimum threshold viability of the
Page 252 and 253: Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
Page 254 and 255: Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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Page 262 and 263: CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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Page 266 and 267: circuits associated with the absorp
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Page 270 and 271: plant models using the building sim
Page 272 and 273: APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
Page 274 and 275: Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
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APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
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Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
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Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
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Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
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Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
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0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
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99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
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100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
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One way to solve a partial differen
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The ‘self coupling term’ is def
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C ******************** CMP73C *****
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&COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
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C and the inlet point into the solu
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IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
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C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
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XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
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& + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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