PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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plant models using the building simulation tool ESP-r. In the formulation of suchmodels, the researcher must include for various aspects related to the full physicalrepresentation of the building-plant model, including the creation of electricaldemand profiles, internal heat gains profiles, building characteristics, domestic hotwater profiles, plant networks, plant controls etc. Including all these aspectsdrastically complicates the modelling process, especially when modelling at hightemporal resolution. Improving the general integration of all these aspects within onesingle-tool is therefore an important task as it enables and facilitates the creation ofdetailed systems closely reflecting real-life situations.6.3.6 Improving the absorption chiller dynamic modelAlthough the dynamic model of the absorption chiller modelled in this researchalready offers a good representation of the chiller behaviour, the accuracy of themodel (and the calibration of the model to represent any other chiller) can be furtherimproved if the model is calibrated using a larger dataset covering the whole range ofworking and non-working temperature ranges.6.4 Concluding remarkThis thesis has presented the main findings with regards to integrating microtrigenerationin current and future energy-efficient buildings. It has also exploredhow different operating conditions will affect system performance. In doing so theresearch has managed not only to produce results in relation to the main research taskbut also to develop various tools which can be used in residential building modelling.Apart from the main findings in this thesis, it is hoped that future researchers willfind these modelling tools useful in further improving and developing the currentknowledge on energy performance in buildings.246
6.5 Chapter References[1] Borg, S.P. and Kelly, N.J. "The effect of appliance energy efficiencyimprovements on domestic electric loads in European households" Energyand Buildings, 2011. 43(9): pgs. 2240-2250[2] Borg, S.P., Kelly, N.J. and Rizzo, K. "Modelling and simulating the effects ofthe use of insulated building fabric in a multi-story Maltese residentialbuilding" in Sustainable Energy 2012: The ISE Annual Conference. 2012.Qawra, Malta[3] Borg, S.P. and Kelly, N.J. "The development and calibration of a genericdynamic absorption chiller model" Energy and Buildings, In Press, AcceptedManuscript. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031247
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University of StrathclydeDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt has been a long
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ABSTRACTThe domestic sector account
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAB
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2.4.3.3 Aggregated loads frequency
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4.1.1.1 Factoring for electricity g
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5.5.1.2 Present worth assuming a va
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LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1 Separate ge
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Fig. 2.38 Aggregated DHW draw profi
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Fig. 5.23 PP for Scenarios 1 and 2
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uilding 95Table 3.5 Control scheme
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONSBMS Building
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter overvi
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uildings, and Directive 2006/32/EC
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Micro-cogeneration can make use of
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offer reasonable and adequate retur
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system in a residential building, i
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conditions have on the performance
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effective manner. The research in t
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investigate how a residential micro
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Table 1.1 also includes additional
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1.7 Chapter References[1] DG for En
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[18] Pehnt, M., Cames, M., Fischer,
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[39] Cardona, E. and Piacentino, A.
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[56] Shin, Y., Seo, J.A., Cho, H.C,
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2.1 Modelling residential demand -
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minute resolution data. The researc
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2.3.1 Example: specifying the build
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Table 2.1 - Dimensions of the model
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In this second enlarged building, t
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Table 2.3 - Main characteristics of
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Table 2.4 - Main characteristics of
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esolution demand data for individua
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the original data (see equation 2.1
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the course of a year. The end resul
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specific appliance at a particular
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consumption during this period is e
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awarded on a random basis following
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Table 2.7 - Scaling factors for the
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NVF values for washing machines, el
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Table 2.10 - Annual electrical ener
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2.4.4 Creating the profiles used in
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Fig. 2.16 - Electrical demand profi
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Fig. 2.19 - High efficiency electri
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2.4.4.3 6 Household buildingAs ment
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2.29 and Figure 2.30 show the resul
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period [11].In order to improve on
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(as discussed by Richardson et al.
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similar fashion to the modelling of
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observed measurements from a number
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Fig. 2.37 - Total internal heat gai
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comparing water consumption related
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various aspects which make up the h
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natural Resources" - (LN 238 of 200
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in Domestic Appliances and Lighting
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[49] DEFRA (2010). "Dishwashers Gov
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CHAPTER 3MODELLINGMICRO-TRIGENERATI
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the same research also suggests tha
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cooling device in conjunction with
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simulation tool ESP-r by explaining
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Fig 3.2 - Basic micro-trigeneration
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3.2.3 Control strategies for the pl
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or decrease the flow rate of the co
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efrigerant, which in this case is w
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arbitrary cycle configuration, usin
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coefficients for the future and pre
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Applying basic energy and mass cons
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CH Power , the chiller’s refriger
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general form of equation (3.16) [33
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functions of hot water circuit inle
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circuit were obtained and how the p
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the internal high and low pressures
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the imaginary boundary constituting
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the model was then compared to a se
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Fig. 3.9 - Modelled chilled water c
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standard deviation was calculated t
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The selected tank size is based on
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3.5 Summary of Chapter 3This chapte
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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uilding simulation." Doctoral Thesi
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CHAPTER 4SIMULATIONMETHODOLOGYANDAN
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Table 4.1 - Scenarios investigatedS
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The building fabric, building size
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analysis in the case of the interme
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micro-trigeneration system are thos
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profile for that same time period (
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4.2.1.3 Calculating the fuel consum
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cogeneration technologies [16].- (4
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the present 1.088 kgCO 2 per kWh de
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Table 4.4 - Explanation of the cash
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FIT and considering the cost involv
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impact they have on the energetic,
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Conservation in Buildings and Commu
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CHAPTER 5RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThis c
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increases so does energy-efficiency
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the building fabric is most effecti
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Instances where the load duration c
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households, GF refers to the ground
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Finally, and this will be the discu
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In the table, the low and high effi
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The scenario with the lowest number
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Comparing Figure 5.3 and 5.4, respe
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number of cycles during the cooling
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5.3.3 Chiller’s performanceAs dis
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5.3.4 Electrical performance of the
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decrease in net imports and net dem
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Table 5.10 - Micro-trigeneration sy
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trigeneration system primary energy
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Table 5.11 - Micro-trigeneration pr
Page 220 and 221: The PES obtained for the different
Page 222 and 223: Difference inprimary energybetween
Page 224 and 225: Similar results are obtained for al
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Page 228 and 229: Fig. 5.8 - Sensitivity of Emissions
Page 230 and 231: Similarly to the effect on PE SEPAR
Page 232 and 233: 5.5 Micro-trigeneration system econ
Page 234 and 235: As electricity costs increase (rela
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Page 242 and 243: of the system diminishes with incre
Page 244 and 245: Fig. 5.17 - CF and CF component ter
Page 246 and 247: shows that exporting all the cogene
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Page 250 and 251: Minimum threshold viability of the
Page 252 and 253: Similarly to the PW and the IRR, it
Page 254 and 255: Table 5.13 - Summary of micro-trige
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Page 260 and 261: micro-trigeneration system. Convers
Page 262 and 263: CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION:OUTCOMESANDFUTU
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Page 266 and 267: circuits associated with the absorp
Page 268 and 269: the subject. More work therefore ne
Page 272 and 273: APPENDIX AEquation factors for sele
Page 274 and 275: Factors for use in equation (2.1) f
Page 282 and 283: APPENDIX BElectrical demand profile
Page 284 and 285: Fig. B4 - Current efficiency electr
Page 286 and 287: Fig. B10 - High efficiency electric
Page 288 and 289: Fig. B16 - Current efficiency elect
Page 294 and 295: Component ESP-r Database: Annex 42
Page 296 and 297: 0.0000 #88 Performance map: Thermal
Page 298 and 299: 99.999 #1 Evaporator Total Mass (Fl
Page 300 and 301: 100.00 #13 Boiling temperature of f
Page 302 and 303: One way to solve a partial differen
Page 304 and 305: The ‘self coupling term’ is def
Page 306 and 307: C ******************** CMP73C *****
Page 308 and 309: &COMMON/PCOND/CONVAR(MPCON,MCONVR),
Page 310 and 311: C and the inlet point into the solu
Page 312 and 313: IF(CSVF(INOD1,1).LE.BDATA(IPCOMP,17
Page 314 and 315: C Calculate T1 (DegC): T1 = ((T16-T
Page 316 and 317: XST=4010 DST=-(9.133128) + (0.94396
Page 318 and 319: & + 2500.559)*1000C Refrigerating p
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End IfC Calculate h3 (J/kg): h3=h2+
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&&ElseEnd IfActPow=0ActPow = PCONDR
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C Node 1, thermal mass effected by
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WRITE(ITU,*) ' Connection(s) ',ICON
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Fig. F.1 - IRR for scenarios with d
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Fig. F.5 - PP for scenarios with di
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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