The Rainforests of Cameroon - PROFOR

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82 The Rainforests of CameroonThe Ngoïla–Mintom rainforest consists of nine UFAs extending across870,000 hectares of unexploited forest—a vast area earmarked as productionforest in the national zoning plan in the early 1990s. Conservingthis forest would be a master stroke, because it would create a largeinternational conservation corridor through national parks in Cameroon(Dja), Gabon (Minkébé), and Congo (Odzala) (see map 6; map insert).The government’s decision to refrain—at least temporarily—from auctioningharvesting rights to this forest was announced, enshrined in regulations,and reflected in all maps and other forest information. Finding apartner to sign the concession agreement has proven elusive, however. Aredeveloped nations and eco-investors prepared to pay to protect forests thatmight be critical to the global environment? So far Cameroon has receivedonly a few offers and virtually no credible ones. Early in 2008, it gavepublic notice (in the February 14 issue of the Economist) that it continuesto be interested in conserving the area rather than turning it into a timberconcession. Yet the government cannot indefinitely forgo the income thatforest industry would secure and leave this area unmanaged and exposedto illegal logging, poaching, mining, and agricultural encroachment. Thegovernment and the WWF are working to devise a new, potentially moreattractive conservation deal for Ngoïla–Mintom, including sustainablehunting and forestry on the fringes of the area and preservation of the coreas a wildlife sanctuary. They are waiting for feedback.The opportunity cost for establishing conservation concessions ratherthan timber concessions in this forest—which is enormous comparedto most conservation concessions—is likely to be high. Karsenty (2007)estimated the net cost to be up to $14–15 per hectare per year, reflectingthe fiscal revenue sacrificed by leaving the forest out of productionand including compensation for lost employment opportunities. NGOscannot pay these prices. According to the Economist, conservation NGOswould have considered even $2 per hectare, the amount supposedlymentioned by a high-ranking ministry official, to be too high.Could Ngoïla-Mintom be conserved by renewed interest in makingcarbon markets work for African countries? The possibility of incorporatinga mechanism to reward the reduction of emissions from deforestationand degradation (REDD) into the post-Kyoto architecture was raisedat the 2007 United Nations Delivered by Climate The World Change Bank e-library Conference. to: A system thatThe World Bankrewards the reduction or avoidance IP : 192.86.100.34 of forest degradation could providecrucial incentives for conservation: Mon, 09 Nov Given 2009 17:06:18 that the Ngoïla-Mintom UFAswere originally earmarked for logging, their conservation would unambiguouslyrepresent an “additional” environmental benefit under a REDD(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
In-Depth Analysis of Impacts 83mechanism (still to be defined) with the preservation of carbon stocks.Selective harvesting of these UFAs under a management plan would haveyielded carbon emissions ranging from 40 to 120 tons of carbon dioxideper hectare harvested, depending on the intensity and method of logging.A conservation project in these same areas could be subsidized from carboncredits corresponding to the emissions avoided by not harvesting thetimber as originally intended. Depending on the accounting rules (whichremain to be decided but could include temporary credits, other assets, orpossible discounting rules), the subsidy could be more or less large, and itcould cover at least a part of the cost of the annual compensation to stakeholders.It would be the responsibility of the government and its developmentpartners to ensure that all stakeholders are fairly compensated basedon sound social and economic studies and on well-informed negotiation.Impacts on Forest Management, Industry Structure,and RevenueTrends in Sustainable Forest ManagementCameroon has become the most advanced country among its neighbors inplacing production forests under approved management plans (table 5.1).The annual area open to logging fell by 50 percent between 1998 and2006, along with the volume of timber harvested, although the limitedrange of species harvested indicates potential problems with sustainablemanagement. An increasing number of companies are seeking third-partycertification of adherence to rigorous management standards.By early 2006, management plans for 55 UFAs (of the 72 allocatedto 2002) 11 had been approved and were eligible for a contract uponcompletion of gazetting. These 55 UFAs cover 4 million hectares, morethan 71 percent of the UFA area for which harvesting rights had beenTable 5.1. Adoption of sustainable forest management in Cameroon and neighboringcountries, 2006 (thousands of hectares)Allocated toconcessionsWith an approvedmanagement planPercentCameroon 6,005 3,990 66.4Central African Republic 2,920 650 22.3Delivered by The World Bank e-library to:Congo, Dem. Rep. of The World Bank 15,500 1,080 7.0Congo, Rep. ofIP : 192.86.100.34Mon, 09 Nov 2009 17:06:18 8,440 1,300 15.4Gabon 6,923 2,310 33.4Source: Data for Cameroon from MINFOF. Data for neighboring countries from IITO.(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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The Rainforests of CameroonDelivere
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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vi ContentsChapter 3 Objectives and
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viii ContentsFigures3.1. Cameroon
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x Forewordof illegal activity. Oppo
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xii Preface and AcknowledgmentsIt i
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Delivered by The World Bank e-libra
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xvi AbbreviationsCOMIFAC Conference
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xviii AbbreviationsUS$VCWRIWWFU.S.
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2 The Rainforests of Cameroonintere
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4 The Rainforests of CameroonForest
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26 The Rainforests of CameroonLaw,
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28 The Rainforests of CameroonTable
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132 Appendix 1resulted in paper ref
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134 Appendix 1estry laws and regula
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136 Appendix 2FMU numberFMUs alloca
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138 Appendix 2FMU number10.020 1038
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140 Appendix 2FMU number09.020 1069
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144 Appendix 3Type Name (type) Area
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146 Appendix 4Small-scale domestic
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148 Appendix 5The September 1997 ag
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152 Appendix 6Code in 1994 and an E
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154 Appendix 6• The Vienna Conven
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156 Appendix 6Forestry taxation ref
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158 Appendix 6to CFAF 10 billion of
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160 Appendix 6Sangha National Park)
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162 Appendix 62. Better environment
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166 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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168 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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170 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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172 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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176 Appendix 9Situation in 1992Area
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178 Appendix 9Situation in 2004Fisc
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182 Appendix 10forest service (or t
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184 ReferencesCarret, Giraud, and L
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186 Referencessented at the Rights
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190 The Rainforests of CameroonCons
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192 The Rainforests of CameroonIPDP
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194 The Rainforests of Cameroonvolu
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ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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Map 2. Forest Use in Cameroon, 1992
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Map 3. Status of Logging Titles in
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Map 5. Status of Protected Areas in
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Map 6. Conservation of the Ngoila-M
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