The Rainforests of Cameroon - PROFOR

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52 The Rainforests of CameroonFigure 3.6. Forestry tax revenue, 1991–2005CFAF (billions)45,00040,00035,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,00001991/921992/931993/941994/951995/961996/971997/981998/99YearFelling taxArea tax (RFA)Sawmill entry taxLog export taxSource: Authors, based on data from PSRF and Customs.a. Introduced in the 2000/01 Finance Law to replace the progressive surtax.1999/20002000/012001/02Export surtax aOther taxesTotal2002/0320042005Distribution of Fiscal Revenues to Local Councils and CommunitiesThe redistribution of forest revenues is a fundamental means of enablinglocal administrations and communities to benefit from forests and startto perceive them as a productive asset that is worth preserving. The July1998 Finance Law mandated that 50 percent of revenues from the annualarea tax must be distributed to local councils and communities; councilswould receive 40 percent and communities 10 percent.The area tax is recovered by the Enhanced Forest Revenue Program,a collaborative program of MINEF and the Ministry of Finance. Fundsare transferred to the mayors of local-level governing bodies (councils)located in proximity of forest concessions based on local developmentplans that have ostensibly been drawn up with the respective communities.To increase the transparency of this process, the World Bank andits partners have strongly urged that the amounts provided to the localcouncils be published Delivered in the by local The World and national Bank e-library press. to:The World BankThe Enhanced Forest Revenue IP : 192.86.100.34 Program redistributed about $66 million(CFAF 35.4 billion) to local Mon, councils 09 Nov 2009 (8017:06:18percent) and communities (20percent) between mid-2000 and the end of 2005. These funds representthe primary source of income for communal councils. Major difficulties(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
Objectives and Content of the Reforms 53remain, as revealed in the course of two audits (a third was under way in2008). Some of the problems are linked directly to administrative weaknesses,such as overlapping boundaries of local council and community territory(these boundaries are the basis for calculating the funds allocated) andinconsistencies in the databases of the Ministries of Forests and Finance.Improvements can be introduced, but difficulties in establishing afair and efficient system to allocate forest revenues to local governingbodies and communities are likely to persist in the context of limitedaccountability and poor local governance. Rural populations have littleconfidence in the state’s impartiality and commitment to the collectiveinterest, and they perceive government institutions as instruments fordiverting public funds into private hands. The work of the recently createdCourt des Comptes, the independent public body in charge of auditingpublic institutions, may address these deeply rooted perceptions.Institutional ReformsInstitutional reform was integral to wider reform in the forest sector.Some institutions had mandates that were inconsistent with the newpolicy that government should withdraw from production and marketing.In other institutions, corruption was endemic, and collaboration withother institutions and external partners was essential to gain credibility.Institutional reforms sought to:• Focus institutions on their public service functions• Align sector organization and sector expenditures with policy objectives• Expand accountability beyond MINEF• Create partnerships to monitor forestsEach of these objectives is discussed in the sections that follow.Focusing on Public ServiceIn the early 1990s, several ministries and agencies were involved inmanaging Cameroon’s forests. The Ministry of Agriculture administeredcommercial forestry, the Ministry of Tourism administered protectedareas, and parastatals carried out a variety of productive and commercialfunctions. 6 Environmental Delivered issues by The were World generally Bank e-library not to: included among theThe World Bankresponsibilities of public or parastatal IP : 192.86.100.34 organizations and were generallynot taken into account. Mon, 09 Nov 2009 17:06:18The 1994 Forest Law required that forest institutions withdraw fromproductive and commercial activities and enabled the Ministry of Forests(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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The Rainforests of CameroonDelivere
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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vi ContentsChapter 3 Objectives and
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viii ContentsFigures3.1. Cameroon
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x Forewordof illegal activity. Oppo
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xii Preface and AcknowledgmentsIt i
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Delivered by The World Bank e-libra
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xvi AbbreviationsCOMIFAC Conference
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xviii AbbreviationsUS$VCWRIWWFU.S.
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132 Appendix 1resulted in paper ref
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134 Appendix 1estry laws and regula
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136 Appendix 2FMU numberFMUs alloca
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138 Appendix 2FMU number10.020 1038
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140 Appendix 2FMU number09.020 1069
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144 Appendix 3Type Name (type) Area
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146 Appendix 4Small-scale domestic
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148 Appendix 5The September 1997 ag
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152 Appendix 6Code in 1994 and an E
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154 Appendix 6• The Vienna Conven
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156 Appendix 6Forestry taxation ref
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158 Appendix 6to CFAF 10 billion of
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160 Appendix 6Sangha National Park)
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162 Appendix 62. Better environment
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166 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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168 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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170 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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172 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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176 Appendix 9Situation in 1992Area
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178 Appendix 9Situation in 2004Fisc
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182 Appendix 10forest service (or t
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184 ReferencesCarret, Giraud, and L
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186 Referencessented at the Rights
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190 The Rainforests of CameroonCons
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192 The Rainforests of CameroonIPDP
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194 The Rainforests of Cameroonvolu
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ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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Map 2. Forest Use in Cameroon, 1992
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Map 3. Status of Logging Titles in
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Map 5. Status of Protected Areas in
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Map 6. Conservation of the Ngoila-M
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