The Rainforests of Cameroon - PROFOR

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16 The Rainforests of CameroonAlthough most of this timber is sold domestically, a significant proportionnow makes its way to Nigeria and the Sahel through informal networks.The pressure on forests for fuelwood is higher in Cameroon’s northernforests than in the south, but it is likely to increase as urban areasand needs expand. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations (FAO) estimates that 9.5 million cubic meters of fuelwood arecollected yearly in Cameroon (the estimate from the Ministry of Forestsis even higher, at 12 million cubic meters). No data are available on itsvalue or its contribution to household incomes, because gathering fuelwoodis generally considered a domestic chore. No opportunity cost oflabor is associated with it. Nor are data available on the opportunity costsassociated with fuelwood collection, which can be considerable, particularlyfor women and children. On average, an urban household is thoughtto spend $50–55 each year on fuelwood; altogether, Cameroon’s 1.3 millionurban households probably spend about $65 million to $70 millionon this resource annually.Agriculture has also claimed its share of Cameroon’s rainforests. Fromindependence until the mid-1980s, the government encouraged theconversion of moist forests into small-scale coffee and cocoa farms. Theincursion of these farms was facilitated by large commercial timber operations,which built roads and opened extensive tracts in remote areas.With the exception of Eastern Province, Cameroon’s dense humid forestis now interspersed with small cocoa and coffee farms, in addition to theslash-and-burn plots of other crops maintained by local people.Economic Depression and RecoveryAmid Cameroon’s great diversity, poverty remains perhaps the greatestcommonality. About 40 percent of the population lives under the povertythreshold of $1 per day, and Cameroon is off track for meeting most of theMillennium Development Goals (UNDP 2003). Cameroon was regardedas one of Africa’s most vibrant economic successes until its economic andpolicy weaknesses were exposed in the mid-1980s, when sharply decliningprices for coffee, cocoa, and oil led to a 60 percent decline in the externalterms of trade. This severe shock, combined with an overvalued exchangerate, fiscal crisis, and Delivered economic by The mismanagement, World Bank e-library was to: followed by years ofThe World Bankprolonged economic stagnation IP : and 192.86.100.34 rapidly accumulating public debt. 1Although this debilitating Mon, depression 09 Nov 2009 17:06:18 came to an end after 1993, theeconomy has recovered only slowly, with moderate annual growth of4.5 percent in real gross domestic product (GDP) and low inflation of(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
The Historic and Environmental Context 172 percent per year, based on a comprehensive reform agenda (whichalso changed the management and use of natural resources, especiallyforests). Cameroon became eligible for debt relief under the HeavilyIndebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative in October 2003; in April2006 it completed the process, getting rid of part of its debt to the InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF), the International Development Association(IDA), and the African Development Fund.Since the economic recovery began in 1994, per capita GDP has reachedonly two-thirds of its predepression level, and most social indicators havenot improved. Poverty and corruption remain widespread, although Cameroon’sTransparency International corruption rating rose from last place in1998 to 138th of 180 countries surveyed in 2007. This substantial achievement(discussed briefly in chapter 6) may reflect the effects of reformsdescribed in this report (Transparency International 2007).Environmental Stewardship and Protected AreasThe 1994 Forestry Law commits Cameroon to placing 30 percent of itssurface area under protection—one of the highest proportions anywherein the world. Cameroon’s network of national parks, forest reserves,wildlife sanctuaries, zoological and botanical gardens, hunting zones, andcommunity hunting zones represents about 17.6 percent of the nation’sforest estate. 2 The government is still planning new protected areas incritical ecosystems: eleven new protected areas exceeding 700,000 hectaresare under consideration, including a marine protected area near Kribiand a mangrove biodiversity reserve at Ndongoré.On the 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI), which assessedthe capacity of 146 nations to protect their natural resource endowmentsover the coming decades, Cameroon ranked 50th, with an index scoreof 52.5 out of 76. 3 Within the group of countries belonging to the NewPartnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), Cameroon ranked 7th.These relatively favorable scores reflect Cameroon’s progress and commitmentto protecting its biodiversity, although the challenges shouldnot be underestimated, especially because Cameroon is still developingthe capacity to manage its protected areas.Delivered by The World Bank e-library to:The World BankForests and Cameroon’s PoliticalIP : 192.86.100.34EconomyMon, 09 Nov 2009 17:06:18Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 and, following the FirstWorld War, was divided and ruled by Great Britain and France. French(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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Page 12 and 13: x Forewordof illegal activity. Oppo
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134 Appendix 1estry laws and regula
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140 Appendix 2FMU number09.020 1069
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144 Appendix 3Type Name (type) Area
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160 Appendix 6Sangha National Park)
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162 Appendix 62. Better environment
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166 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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184 ReferencesCarret, Giraud, and L
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186 Referencessented at the Rights
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ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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Map 2. Forest Use in Cameroon, 1992
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Map 3. Status of Logging Titles in
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Map 5. Status of Protected Areas in
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Map 6. Conservation of the Ngoila-M
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