The Rainforests of Cameroon - PROFOR

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66 The Rainforests of Cameroonbeen established and are expanding rapidly. Finally, deforestation remainsmodest overall in Cameroon, occurring mostly in the central regions andin the nonpermanent rural domain, where population is increasing rapidlyand conversion of land to other uses is a legally acceptable option.At the same time, as increased control, higher costs, and more discerninginternational markets helped reduce illegal logging by industry, companiesstarted selling the totality of their production overseas. Legallysourced timber practically disappeared from the local markets. Newinformal producers gradually emerged, meeting the demand for timberfrom unauthorized sources and making illegal logging the normal way tosupply timber for local markets.Many newly created community forests were diverted from their originalintent, served the interests of the few, and had to be suspended. Therange of species used by industry did not expand as it was hoped, and thistrend alone threatens to undermine the feasibility of sustainable forestmanagement. Innovative governance and technical solutions such as thecompetitive award of concessions and stringent planning of harvestingrights had to be continually adapted to frustrate strategies for circumventingthem. Cameroon’s deliberate effort to use the forest sector as apilot to raise the governance bar created the expectation that this sectorwould instantly become invulnerable to corruption and governancefailures—an expectation that was impossible to fulfill but left the sectorand its administrators more exposed to criticism.Despite occasional setbacks and inconsistencies, much has beenlearned, and the reforms have created a framework for forest governanceand sustainable management that is far more effective than the previousframework. There is evidence that inroads have been made in thecorruption endemic to the forest sector (box 4.1). It is also clear that asignificant unfinished agenda, ultimately with very high stakes, remains.This agenda is taken up in chapter 6.Specific ObservationsFollowing are specific observations on progress, success, and shortfalls.Sector TransparencyDelivered by The World Bank e-library to:The disclosure and dissemination The World of public Bank information were the mostdramatic changes in the forest IP sector : 192.86.100.34 between 1998 and 2008, and theyMon, 09 Nov 2009 17:06:18have had dramatic results. The improved availability of public informationhas heightened the political and financial risk associated with theold influence and clientele system. With the involvement of external(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
A Summary of Impacts 67Box 4.1Cameroon, corruption, and the forest sectorIn the Corruption Perception Index issued by Transparency International, whichranks countries according to general perceptions of corruption in the publicsector, Cameroon ranked last among 85 countries in 1998 (last place in the lastquintile). In 2007, Cameroon’s ranking had changed to 138 out of 180 countries(lower end of the second-to-last quintile). This achievement is substantial, eventhough Cameroon has a long way to go to further reduce the perception ofcorruption.Although the Corruption Perception Index does not reflect changes relatedto specific sectors of government, a recent Transparency International studyof Cameroon identifies the forest sector as one of the country’s “poles of corruption”(Transparency International 2007), observing that “The World Bank hasdone much to reform and clean up forestry policy in Cameroon. Its action ina way forms the cornerstone of subsequent governmental and civil societyinvolvement” (p. 27).Source: Transparency International 2007 and various years.partners, forest ministry officials can no longer serve as the inscrutablegatekeepers of harvesting rights, allocating them to serve their own interestsand those of allied institutions and elites.Disclosure and dissemination of information have also introduced newelements of democracy and equity in the forest sector. Previously it waspossible to circumvent competitive allocation procedures and award largeforest concessions to influential individuals, but increased public interestand information made this and similar operations more difficult. Divergingprivate and public interests and a broader range of actors claiming ashare of power and revenues created a new demand for governance inthe forest sector. Decision makers gradually began to take into accountthe expectations of increasingly well-informed and active external andinternal constituencies (especially civil society organizations).Delivered by The World Bank e-library to:Protected AreasThe World BankVery significant progress has IP been : 192.86.100.34 made in protecting Cameroon’s forestbiodiversity since the early 1990s, when the Campo Ma’an reserveMon, 09 Nov 2009 17:06:18was logged illegally, openly, and with impunity. Since 1995 Cameroonhas expanded its network of protected areas, which occupies nearly(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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The Rainforests of CameroonDelivere
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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vi ContentsChapter 3 Objectives and
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viii ContentsFigures3.1. Cameroon
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x Forewordof illegal activity. Oppo
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xii Preface and AcknowledgmentsIt i
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Delivered by The World Bank e-libra
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xvi AbbreviationsCOMIFAC Conference
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xviii AbbreviationsUS$VCWRIWWFU.S.
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2 The Rainforests of Cameroonintere
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4 The Rainforests of CameroonForest
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6 The Rainforests of Cameroonnity f
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116 The Rainforests of CameroonA pa
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120 The Rainforests of CameroonBox
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124 The Rainforests of CameroonTabl
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128 The Rainforests of Cameroonin t
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132 Appendix 1resulted in paper ref
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134 Appendix 1estry laws and regula
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136 Appendix 2FMU numberFMUs alloca
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138 Appendix 2FMU number10.020 1038
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140 Appendix 2FMU number09.020 1069
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144 Appendix 3Type Name (type) Area
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146 Appendix 4Small-scale domestic
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148 Appendix 5The September 1997 ag
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152 Appendix 6Code in 1994 and an E
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154 Appendix 6• The Vienna Conven
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156 Appendix 6Forestry taxation ref
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158 Appendix 6to CFAF 10 billion of
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160 Appendix 6Sangha National Park)
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162 Appendix 62. Better environment
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166 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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168 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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170 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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172 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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176 Appendix 9Situation in 1992Area
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178 Appendix 9Situation in 2004Fisc
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182 Appendix 10forest service (or t
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184 ReferencesCarret, Giraud, and L
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186 Referencessented at the Rights
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190 The Rainforests of CameroonCons
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192 The Rainforests of CameroonIPDP
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194 The Rainforests of Cameroonvolu
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ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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Map 2. Forest Use in Cameroon, 1992
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Map 3. Status of Logging Titles in
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Map 5. Status of Protected Areas in
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Map 6. Conservation of the Ngoila-M
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