The Rainforests of Cameroon - PROFOR

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76 The Rainforests of Cameroonpended; and new UFAs had not yet been allocated, because the WorldBank awaited improvements in the very corrupt allocation system.Illegal logging occurred mainly outside the boundaries of UFAs or outsidethe annual harvestable area within a given UFA. 2• Since 2002, this situation appears to have improved. Harvesting rightshave been allocated within nearly all of the productive permanentforest domain (more than 6 million hectares). Several concessionschanged ownership and some processing units closed or changedhands, thereby eliminating most of the excess processing capacity thatmay have encouraged illegal logging. Some operators seeking internationalcertification in forest management are regulating their activitiesmore carefully. Others, coming under the watchful eyes of theindependent observer and the Central Control Unit, have been citedfor an increasing number of infractions. Data on declared industrialharvests and registered exports from the port of Douala tend to correspond(see figure 5.1), suggesting that illegal logging has diminishedsignificantly compared with the previous period.Official statistics may not tell the entire story, however. According topress accounts in France, a May 2008 report by the French organizationAmis de la Terre (Friends of Earth) contended that illegal logging waswidely practiced on small titles, which are granted at the discretion ofForest Administration authorities. This view echoes findings in the thirdannual report of the independent observer (REM) in April 2008, whichFigure 5.1. National timber harvest, exports, and domestic consumptionCubic meters (millions)4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50Delivered by The World Bank e-library to:The World BankIP : 192.86.100.34Mon, 09 Nov 2009 17:06:18YearExports (m 3 ) Assumed domestic demand Declared harvest (m 3 )1995/961996/971997/981998/991999/20002000/012001/022002/03200420052006Source: Authors, based on data in Cerutti and Tacconi 2006 and updated by authors.(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
In-Depth Analysis of Impacts 77describes small titles as being “at the core of governance problems withinthe ministry of Forests.” 3 According to REM, a subset of small titles calledautorisations de récupération de bois (timber salvage authorizations) producedabout 300,000 cubic meters of timber in 2006. Because the illegalprovenance of most of this timber is hidden through falsified documentsand routine administrative procedures, it cannot be detected throughaggregate statistics such as those in figure 5.1.Aside from being distorted by corrupt practices and vested interests, thedata themselves are problematic. Cameroon lacks quality controls that wouldensure consistency in the data collected. This deficiency simply compoundsnegative impressions of the integrity of information from the government.An encouraging sign mentioned in the REM annual report is that the headof MINFOF is aware of the issue and has undertaken several initiatives inrecent months to address it, including staff reorganization and sanctions.The informal sector. As noted, logging traditionally was undertaken byindustry based on a variety of permits, for small and large areas and shortand long periods. After the 1985 economic crisis, many urban dwellerscould not afford wood supplied by the formal sector. The situation worsenedafter the 1994 devaluation, which made timber exports twice asprofitable (in CFAF) and caused industry to divert almost all of its attentionaway from a domestic market in which impoverished consumerscould no longer afford legal industrial timber.Until this time, artisanal loggers were so few and operated on such a smallscale that their effect on markets was hardly perceptible, and little thoughtwas given to regulating their activities. As industry departed from local marketsand demand soared, artisanal loggers came into their own as a new actorin the forest sector. Their small size and local connections made control difficult.The fact that they were responding to a legitimate and irrepressibledemand favored tolerance, which allowed them to expand rapidly.Many forested areas outside concessions and community forests havebeen subject to illegal logging. Chain-saw operators are said to be numerous,although their number is unknown. Since the 1990s, Cameroon hasimported a significant number (as many as 150) of mobile Lucas Millsaws, capable of processing 18,000 cubic meters per year.Operating largely in the nonpermanent domain, the informal sectorDelivered by The World Bank e-library to:remains mostly illegal, and no The coherent World Bank policy has been adopted to helpIP : 192.86.100.34small-scale loggers obtain Mon, timber 09 Nov from 2009 legal 17:06:18 sources. Even though smalltitles are being issued again, many small-scale enterprises simply chooseto avoid the bureaucratic delays and corruption involved in legalizingtheir operations.(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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The Rainforests of CameroonDelivere
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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vi ContentsChapter 3 Objectives and
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viii ContentsFigures3.1. Cameroon
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x Forewordof illegal activity. Oppo
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xii Preface and AcknowledgmentsIt i
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Delivered by The World Bank e-libra
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xvi AbbreviationsCOMIFAC Conference
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xviii AbbreviationsUS$VCWRIWWFU.S.
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2 The Rainforests of Cameroonintere
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4 The Rainforests of CameroonForest
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8 The Rainforests of Cameroonimport
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128 The Rainforests of Cameroonin t
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132 Appendix 1resulted in paper ref
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134 Appendix 1estry laws and regula
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136 Appendix 2FMU numberFMUs alloca
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138 Appendix 2FMU number10.020 1038
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140 Appendix 2FMU number09.020 1069
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144 Appendix 3Type Name (type) Area
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146 Appendix 4Small-scale domestic
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148 Appendix 5The September 1997 ag
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152 Appendix 6Code in 1994 and an E
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154 Appendix 6• The Vienna Conven
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156 Appendix 6Forestry taxation ref
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158 Appendix 6to CFAF 10 billion of
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160 Appendix 6Sangha National Park)
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162 Appendix 62. Better environment
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166 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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168 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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170 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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172 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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176 Appendix 9Situation in 1992Area
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178 Appendix 9Situation in 2004Fisc
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182 Appendix 10forest service (or t
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184 ReferencesCarret, Giraud, and L
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186 Referencessented at the Rights
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190 The Rainforests of CameroonCons
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192 The Rainforests of CameroonIPDP
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194 The Rainforests of Cameroonvolu
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ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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Map 2. Forest Use in Cameroon, 1992
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Map 3. Status of Logging Titles in
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Map 5. Status of Protected Areas in
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Map 6. Conservation of the Ngoila-M
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