The Rainforests of Cameroon - PROFOR

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78 The Rainforests of CameroonCerutti and Tacconi (2006) estimated that the informal sector harvests540,000 cubic meters per year, whereas Plouvier and others (2002) suggesteda figure of about 1 million cubic meters. If one assumes that theinformal sector harvests 800,000 cubic meters and adds the Forest Administration2004 production figure of 2.2 million cubic meters, a total of 3million cubic meters of timber could have been produced in Cameroon inone year, of which as much as 25–30 percent may have been illegal, principallyissuing from the informal sector and supplying the domestic market.Such figures must be viewed with caution, given the potential for overlappingand otherwise unreliable data, yet the general trends are very clear.Much illegal timber (high-value woods such as bété, bibolo, bubinga,sapelli, and zingana) is used to make furniture. Furniture-making is avibrant segment of the informal sector. The biggest market is in Yaoundé.Local construction is also a significant consumer of illegally harvestedtimber processed into planks.Although illegal logging tends to be concentrated in the informal sectorand to be directed mostly at the growing domestic market, some potentiallyillegal timber is entering the international market. 4 In 2005, morethan 100,000 cubic meters of timber, sourced from “operators withoutconcessions,” were exported through Douala, but it is difficult to determinehow much came from companies operating more or less legallyon small titles and how much came from informal chain-saw operators.About 200,000–260,000 cubic meters of log-equivalent timber werechanneled to Sahelian and North African markets through very activenetworks in northern Cameroon, which source timber from densely forestedareas of Center and East Provinces (Koffi Yeboa 2005) (see map 4;map insert), although the proportion of illegally sourced timber in thisnorthern export flow remains largely unknown. 5Prosecution of Illegal LoggingThe credibility of a law enforcement system depends on its capacity notonly to detect fraud and crime but also to sufficiently fine or punish offenders.Since 2000, the Ministries of Forests and Finance have intensified theidentification and prosecution of illegal logging operations, with supportfrom the independent observer on forest law enforcement. As mentioned,MINFOF issues a quarterly list of illegal logging cases, 6 fines paid, and casesDelivered by The World Bank e-library to:in court. Figure 5.2 depicts the The fines World paid Bank between 2001 and 2007. Data donot, however, show the payment IP : of 192.86.100.34 damages, so they appear low (new dataMon, 09 Nov 2009 17:06:18are being provided by MINFOF and the Ministry of Finance).Several sources of concern remain. The fines whose payment has beenascertained, CFAF 2,209,364,548, or about $4.4 million, are not insignifi-(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
In-Depth Analysis of Impacts 79Figure 5.2. Fines paid for illegal forest activities, Cameroon, 2001–07600593500CFAF (millions)4003002052001009602001 2002 2003Source: REM, personal communication, 2007.37311883332004 2005 2006 2007Yearcant, but they represent a relatively small part of the fines issued between2001 and 2007. 7 Some infractions cannot be prosecuted because companieshave been dissolved and no assets remain. The Ministry of Forestsstill requires collaboration from the Ministries of Finance and Justice toprosecute cases diligently. To this end a joint committee was formed in2004, but it never functioned.In 2005, the independent observer called attention to the increasingnumber of forest cases that were resolved by mutual agreement betweenthe Forest Ministry and individual companies. 8 (The regulations permitMINFOF to settle for reduced fines and damages whenever companiesaccept responsibility and are ready to pay without going to court.) Thegrowing number of out-of-court settlements has become more worrisomebecause MINFOF has appeared to settle for amounts lower than the valueof the timber illegally obtained by the companies, effectively undermininglaw enforcement and the prosecution of illegal activities. This practiceattracted so much public attention that in 2008 MINFOF raised the levelof such settlements to not less than 50 percent. According to MINFOF, aregulation mandating a minimum settlement is being prepared.Impacts on Deforestation Delivered by and The World Forest Bank Conservatione-library to:The World BankDeforestation TrendsIP : 192.86.100.34Mon, 09 Nov 2009 17:06:18Recent and authoritative studies by the European Commission’s JointResearch Centre, the Université Catholique de Louvain, and the Universityof South Dakota (de Wasseige and others 2009) show that(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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The Rainforests of CameroonDelivere
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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vi ContentsChapter 3 Objectives and
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viii ContentsFigures3.1. Cameroon
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x Forewordof illegal activity. Oppo
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xii Preface and AcknowledgmentsIt i
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Delivered by The World Bank e-libra
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xvi AbbreviationsCOMIFAC Conference
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xviii AbbreviationsUS$VCWRIWWFU.S.
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2 The Rainforests of Cameroonintere
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4 The Rainforests of CameroonForest
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6 The Rainforests of Cameroonnity f
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8 The Rainforests of Cameroonimport
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26 The Rainforests of CameroonLaw,
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132 Appendix 1resulted in paper ref
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134 Appendix 1estry laws and regula
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136 Appendix 2FMU numberFMUs alloca
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138 Appendix 2FMU number10.020 1038
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140 Appendix 2FMU number09.020 1069
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144 Appendix 3Type Name (type) Area
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146 Appendix 4Small-scale domestic
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148 Appendix 5The September 1997 ag
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152 Appendix 6Code in 1994 and an E
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154 Appendix 6• The Vienna Conven
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156 Appendix 6Forestry taxation ref
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158 Appendix 6to CFAF 10 billion of
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160 Appendix 6Sangha National Park)
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162 Appendix 62. Better environment
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166 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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168 Appendix 71998-99 2002-03 Evolu
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170 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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172 Appendix 8Type of Processing ca
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176 Appendix 9Situation in 1992Area
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178 Appendix 9Situation in 2004Fisc
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182 Appendix 10forest service (or t
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184 ReferencesCarret, Giraud, and L
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186 Referencessented at the Rights
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190 The Rainforests of CameroonCons
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192 The Rainforests of CameroonIPDP
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194 The Rainforests of Cameroonvolu
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ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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Map 2. Forest Use in Cameroon, 1992
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Map 3. Status of Logging Titles in
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Map 5. Status of Protected Areas in
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Map 6. Conservation of the Ngoila-M
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